Chapter 12: respiratory part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
an incomplete expansion of the lung, a collapse of a part of the lung
A
atelectasis
2
Q
accumulation of air in the pleural space. can be open or closed
A
pneuothorax
3
Q
progressive build-up of ______ within the pleural space, usually due to a lung ______ which allows air to escape into the pleural space but not to return. progressive build-up of pressure in the pleural space will compress the lung and may be let out via one way valve.
A
tension pneumothorax
air
laceration
4
Q
clinical symptoms of pneumothorax: deviation of the ______ away from the side with the tension, diminished lung sound and ______
Treatment: ______ decompression between 2nd and 3rd ribs or ______ placement
A
trachea
jugular vein distension
needle
chest tube
5
Q
- occurs in the absence of blunt or penetrating trauma
- presence of risk factors: ______ and ______
- rapid onset of symptoms. sharp, ______ or ______ pain. often precipitated by coughing or lifting
- clinical symtoms: decreased or absent ______ sounds on affected side. ______, ______
- treatment: maintain the ______. support breathing. monitor for ______. pleural decompression may be indicted if patient becomes ______, hypoxic, and difficult to ventilate
- JVD and ______ deviations way from the affected side
A
spontaneous pneumothorax smoking tall stature pleuritic shoulder breath tachypnea diaphoresis airway tension pneumothroax cyanotic tracheal deviation
6
Q
lung carcinoma
- usually ______ neoplasm
- common malignant tumor in both men and women
- mortality from lung cancer in women exceeds ______
- Genetic; ______(EGFR) mutations often identified in non-small cell carcinomas (chiefly adenocarcinomas) in never-smokers
- industrial exposure to ______ and ______
- classification: ______ cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell anapestic carcinoma and small cell carcinoma
A
smoking-related breast cancer epidermal growth factor receptor gene nickel chromates squamous
7
Q
- this is the most common type of lung cancer, which is thought to be derived from ______ that develops to line the main ______ as a result of exposure to agents such as cigarette smoke
- tumors are typically ______ and close to the ______, frequently presenting with features related to ______ obstruction. compared with other types, they are relatively ______ growing, and they may be re-sectable
- histologically, the tumors show a range of a differentiation from well-differentiated ______
A
squamous cell carcinoma metaplastic squamous epithelium bronchi central carina bronchial slow lesions
8
Q
- this tumor is derived from ______, such as mucous goblet cells, clara cells, or type II pneumocytes
- this has the slowest rate of growth, and it differs from other types of lung cancer because it is common in women
- it can be linked to ______ and characteristically develops as a peripheral tumor
- common cancer in ______
- these cancers have been associated with mutations in the ______ and may be amenable to ______ inhibitors
A
adenocarcinoma glandular cells passive cigarette smoking non smokers EGFR EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
9
Q
- these highly malignant tumors arise form the ______. they contain a few dense secretory granules that are also seen in greater numbers in bronchial carcinoid tumors. therefore, small cell carcinoma is thought to represent a type of ______ tumor
- microscopically, the cells are ______ to ______ and have little ______. the nuclei are thought to resemble oat grains, hence the alternative name. these tumors are usually ______ located, and they are associated with a ______ rate of growth. metastases are usually present at the time of diagnosis
A
small cell (oat cell) carcinoma bronchial endocrine neuroendocrine round oval cytoplasm centrally rapid
10
Q
- this poorly differentiated tumor is thought to be of either ______ or ______ origin. lesions may be central or peripheral, and they are composed of large cell with nuclear ______ and frequent giant cell forms
- they have a ______ prognosis and are frequently widely ______ at the time of diagnosis
A
large cell anaplastic carcinoma squamous adenocarcinoma pleomorphism poor disseminated
11
Q
lung carcinoma: symptoms and treatment
- superior vena cava syndrome; ______ or ______ of the superior vena cava, resulting in facial swelling and ______ along with dilation of the veins of the head, neck, and upper extremities
- ______ tumor (superior sulcus tumor); involvement of the apex of the lung, often with ______ (eye lid problems and inability to sweat), due to involvement of the cervical sympathetic nervous system
- hoarseness from recurrent ______ nerve paralysis
- ______, often bloody; bloody pleural effusion suggests malignancy, tuberculosis, or trauma
- pulmonary symptoms- most common types of presenting symptoms including cough, ______, chest pain and ______
- metastatic symptoms- metastatic spread is present in ______ of patients at presentation
- paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes, the most frequent of which is ______ (ACTH) or ACTH-like activity with small cell carcinoma; also of note is the ______ (SIADH) with small cell carcinoma of the lung and ______ activity with squamous cell carcinoma
- diagnosis is through clinical features and imaging (______), and histological confirmation of the following: ______ and ______: cytology of pleural effusion
- treatment: ______, ______, surgery, and ______ inhibitors
- surgery not common for smokers bc they will not be able to come off of ventilator bc of their lung capacity bc they have emphysema
A
compression invasion cyanosis pancoast horner syndrome laryngeal pleural effusion dyspnea hemoptysis 70% adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion parathyroid like activity chest X-ray and CT scans Bronchoscopy biopsy chemotherapy radiation tyrosine kinase
