Chapter 12: respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
- ______: this condition is characterized by chronically thickened and inflamed mucosa of the sinuses, and persistent fluid accumulation. The condition may arise as a result of: ______, ______, and _____ as a result of a severely deviated nasal septum or from the presence of nasal polyps.
- ______: due to rhinitis and bacterial infection. due to common cold; can be bacterial or viral
- ______: chronic inflammation of the larynx, most commonly seen in heavy cigarette smokers
A
acute upper respiratory infections chronic sinusitis inflamed sinus chronic inhalation of irritant (e.g., cigarette smoke, industrial, industrial exposure) nasal obstruction acute sinusitis chronic laryngitis
2
Q
- a laryngo-tracheobronchitis in young children (______), with symptoms of ______ (seal barking noise), ______ cough, and hoarseness that result from varying degrees of ______ obstruction. croup is a complication of an upper respiratory infection and is marked by edema of the ______. croup is usually created by a virus infection, most often a ______ virus
- treatment: ______ air, steroids, ______ and endotracheal intubation (ET) may be needed
A
croup 6 months to 6 years stridor brass laryngeal larynx para influenza cool mist humidified epinephrine
3
Q
- inflammation of the epiglottis is a serious condition most commonly caused by ______ type B (bacteria). occurring in young children (6 years and above), the infection may be a life-threatening emergency because swelling of the acutely inflamed the epiglottis can obstruct airflow.
- ______, ______ epiglottis, ______ ( a loud wheezing sound on inspiration) occurs, difficulty breathing and swallowing and the onset of ______ may indicate airway obstruction so severe as to require tracheostomy
- treatment: ______
A
epiglottitis haemophilus influenzae fever cherry red inspiratory stridor cyanosis antibiotic
4
Q
- infection of the lung parenchyma: occurs when normal immune defenses are impaired. clinical features include ______ and ______, productive cough with ______ or rusty ______, tachypnea with ______, decrease breathing sounds, dullness to percussion, and evaluated ______ count.
- diagnosis is made by chest x-ray, ______, and blood cultures
- three main types from chest x-ray: ______ pneumonia, ______ and ______ pneumonia
A
pneumonia fever chills yellow-green (pus) bloody sputum pleuritic chest pain WBC sputum gram stain and culture lobar bronchopneumonia interstitial
5
Q
- characterization by consolidation of an entire lobe of the lung. usually bacterial; most common causes are ______ (95%) and ______
- classis gross phases of lobar pneumonia A) ______: due to congested vessels and edema. B) ______: due to exudate, neutrophils, and hemorrhage filling the alveolar air spaces, giving the normally spongy lung a solid consistency. C) ______: due to degradation of red cells and accumulation of fibrin within the exudate. D) ______: most patients recover their normal lung structures and functions
A
lobar pneumonia streptococcus pneumoniae klebsiella pneumonia congestion red hepatization gray hepatization resolution
6
Q
mostly bacterial infection and characterized by scattered patchy appearance centered around bronchioles
-can still breathe normally
A
bronchopneumonia
7
Q
characterized by diffuse interstitial infiltrates. patients develop fever, dry cough, and ______, but there are no signs of ______, hence the term “atypical” pneumonia. caused by ______ or viruses (______). ______ (fungus) HIV patients
A
interstitial pneumonia dyspnea consolidation (structural change) bacteria influenza virus pneumocystis carinii
8
Q
seen in patients at risk for aspiration in hospitals. Example: pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
nosocomial pneumonia
9
Q
pseudomonas can be identified by its sweet, ______ odor and ______ pigment. the pigment known as, ______, is facultative, and is associated with more severe and more resistant illness
A
grape-like
blue-green
pyocyanin
10
Q
- a highly communicable serious pulmonary infection, caused by an usual ______ that has spread rapidly though several countries since it was first identified in late 2002
- there are no effective ______that can influence the course of the disease
- the virus was probably an animal virus that ______ and was able to infect humans
- can be transmitted from person torsion through ______, ______, by hands, towels, and other items contaminated with the virus
A
SARS coronavirus antiviral drugs mutated coughing sneezing
11
Q
- it is a special type of ______ disease caused by ______ (MTB)
- because the tubercle bacillus has a capsule composed of waxes and fatty substances, it is more ______ to destruction than others. only stained by ______ staining and known ______
- acquired from organisms inhaled in ______ droplets. organisms lodge within ______. sometimes the ling infection spreads to other parts such as kidneys, bones, uterus, fallopian tubes, or other sites
- two kinds: ______ and ______ infection
A
tuberculosis bacterial mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant acid fast acid fast rods airborne pulmonary alveoli primary secondary
12
Q
an acid fast stain is used to diagnose the presence of ______ in tissue and cytologic preparations. Note the thin ______ organisms
A
mycobacteria
red rod-like
13
Q
primary tuberculosis: pathogenesis
- previously ______ exposed to MTB and accruing the infection for the ______
- localized ______ inflammation via ______, ______, and ______, which will form granuloma
- granuloma becomes ______ and turns into ______ complex. this complex contains ______ (dead lung tissue) and may spread to other organs
- clinical symptoms of primary TB: ______ streaked purulent sputum with a chronic cough, loss of ______, and ______ at night with night ______
A
never first time lung macrophages neutrophils lymphocytes calcified Ghon caseous necrosis blood weight fever sweats
14
Q
secondary tuberculosis: pathogenesis
- seen mostly in adults as a reactivation of ______ infection (or reinfection), particularly when health status declines. the patient maybe a previously ______ individual or had the infection and recovered. the immune system its compromised due to another infection, drugs or the immune compromise, leading to the breach in the ______ around the ______ in the lungs or bones. the ______ inflammation is much more widespread. typically, the upper lung lobes are most affected, and ______ can occur
- ______: when resistance to infection is particularly poor, a “miliary” pattern of spread can occur in which there are a myriad of small millet seed (1-3 mm) size granulomas, either in ling or in other organs
A
previous asymptomatic immunological barricade dormant bacilli granulomatous cavitation miliary
15
Q
tuberculous osteomyelitis (bone infection) involves mainly the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (known as Pott’s disease) followed by knee and hip. there is extensive necrosis and bony destruction and extension to soft tissues, including “cold” abscess
A
skeletal tuberculosis
16
Q
tuberculosis diagnosis:
- ______: a positive test reveals recent infection
- chest x-ray: when the ______ is large enough to be detected
- ______ culture
- the healed granulomas, however, may contain small numbers of viable organisms, and the infection may become reactivated
- treatment: ______
- incase the bacteria is resistant against one antibiotic. example: INH, Rifampin, & ethambutol or streptomycin
A
skin test (mantoux)
granuloma
sputum
multiple antibiotics (2-3 types)
17
Q
- ______ is a disorder characterized by the production of abnormally viscid secretions by ______ and ______, such as those is pancreas and respiratory tract
- pathogenesis: the most common mutation is a specific gene ______ in the codon for ______ at position 508 in the amino acid sequence. this results in a defect in a transmembrane regulator protein known as the ______. mutation causes a failure of opening of the ______ which prevents the release of sodium and water to ______ mucus resulting in thick viscous mucus.
- viscous mucus may cause ______ of the following systems
- bronchi-abnormally viscid mucus cannot be cleared from the ______
- intestine-causing ______ in newborn babies
- pancreas-causing deficiency of the ______, resulting in ______
A
cystic fibrosis exocrine glands mucus-secreting glands deletion phenylalanine cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductive regulator. (CFTR) chloride channels liquefy obstruction lungs meconium ileus pancreatic enzymes malabsorption
