Chapter 21: endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Pituitary gland structure
- suspended by ______ from ______ at base of ______
- ______ lobe
- ______ lobe
- ______ lobe
A
stalk hypothalamus brain anterior intermediate posterior
2
Q
Pituitary Diseases: Tumors
- ______: higher levels of hormones
- ______: lower levels of hormones, may be due to the compression of ______
- localized mass lesion causing compression of the ______ or the ______ of the brain (Macro > __cm & Micro < __ cm Adenoma). clinical symptoms: ______ and ______
- may be functional (______) or nonfunctional (______)
A
pituitary hyper function pituitary hypo function pituitary tumors optic chiasm basal portion 1 1 headache vision loss hormone-producing silent
3
Q
- ______: increased prolactin, ______ and ______ (females) or as decreased ______ and ______ (males), most common type of pituitary adenoma
- treatment by ______ to suppress the ______ production or ______ for larger lesions
A
pituitary tumors prolactinoma galactorrhea amenorrhea libido headache dopamine agonists prolactin surgery
4
Q
- ______ refers to deficient secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones. it has many causes and various clinical presentations. most commonly, only one or a few pituitary hormones are ______. occasionally, total failure of pituitary function known as ______. causes include:
- ______: more than half of all hypopituitarism in adults is caused by ______, usually ______. the tumor itself may be functional, but symptoms of ______ often result from ______ of ______ by the mass.
A
anterior pituitary hypo function hypopituitarism deficient panhypopituitarism tumors pituitary tumors adenomas hypopituitarism compression adjacent tissue
5
Q
- ______: most commonly caused by ectopic production of ADH by various tumors, especially ______ of the lung. SIADH results in ______ of ______ with consequent ______ (low blood sodium), reduced ______, and inability to dilute the ______. treatment: ______
- ______: results in diabetes insipidus. characterized by ______ (3Ps), with consequent ______ and ______. causes may include tumors, trauma, ______, and damage to the ______ or ______.
- treatment: ______
A
posterior pituitary diseases syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) secretion small cell carcinoma retention water dilutional hyponatremia serum osmolality urine water restriction deficiency of ADH polyuria dehydration insatiable thirst inflammatory processes posterior pituitary hypothalamus ADH analog
6
Q
- ______: enlargement of the thyroid
- ______ (nontoxic goiter) is goiter without ______
- ______ is goiter associated with hyperthyroidism; if the patient is ______ or ______, the term nontoxic goiter is applied
- ______ is goiter occurring with high frequency in iodine-deficient geographic areas; the term ______ is used for goiter in non-iodine-deficient areas
- ______ is irregular enlargement of the thyroid resulting in ______ formation
- ______ refers to the late stage of simple goiter in which goiter looks ______; nodules may be ______ or ______ (multi nodular goiter)
A
goiter simple goiter thyroid hormone dysfunction. Toxic goiter euthyroid hypothyroid endemic goiter sporadic goiter nodular goiter nodule nodular colloid goiter nodular single multiple
7
Q
- decreased serum free T4, increased ______
- ______ (hypothyroidism in neonates and infants) due to ______ deficiency, deficiency of _____ necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, mal development of the thyroid, failure of the fetal thyroid to descend from its origin at the base of the ______, transplacental transfer of ______ from a mother with autoimmune thyroid disease
- clinical symptoms: severe ______, impairment of ______ with ______ and ______, large ______, big ______
A
hypothyroidism TSH cretinism iodine enzymes tongue anti-thyroid antibodies mental retardation physical growth retarded bone development dwarfism tongue abdomen
8
Q
- autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland; associated with HLA-______
- most common cause of ______ in regions where ______ levels are adequate
- ______ and ______ antibodies are often present (sign of thyroid damage
- chronic ______
A
hashimoto's syndrome or thyroiditis DR5 hypothyroidism iodine anti-thyroglobulin anti-microsomal inflammatory process
9
Q
- ______ (diffuse toxic goiter): Autoantibody (______) that stimulates TSH receptor (type __ hypersensitivity). frequently in women the in men. (3) the incidence is increased in ______ and ______ positive individuals. ______ (TSI) an ______ antibody reacts with ______ receptors and stimulates ______. a similar reaction with thyroid growth immunoglobulin (TGI) stimulates ______ and ______. in addition to TSI and TGI, ______ and other autoantibodies are characteristic.
- ______ (protrusion of the eyes), possibly due to autoimmune mechanisms and independent of thyroid hyper function
- manifestations include the signs and symptoms of ______
- treatment: ______ drugs, ______, large does of ______
A
hyperthyroidism grave's disease IgG II HLA-DR3 HLA-B8 thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin IgG thyroid follicle TSH thyroid hormone production glandular hyperplasia enlargement antimicrosomal striking exophthalmos hyperthyroidism antithyroid thyroidectomy radioactive iodine
10
Q
thyroid neoplasms -benign tumors: \_\_\_\_\_\_ -malignant tumors: \_\_\_\_\_\_ carcinoma \_\_\_\_\_\_ carcinoma \_\_\_\_\_\_ carcinoma \_\_\_\_\_\_ carcinoma
A
adenoma papillary follicular medullary anaplastic
11
Q
-______: pleomorphic cells arranged in ______. highly malignant tumor exhibating rapid ______ and ______. most patients die within ______ year. incidence: 1%
A
anaplastic carcinoma solid sheets growth metastasis 1
12
Q
- _________: Ca++ concentration increases-______
- ______: Ca++ concentration decreases-______
A
diseases of the parathyroid gland hyperparathyroidism Hypercalcimia hypoparathyroidism Hypocalcimia
13
Q
- Excess PTH due to a disorder of the parathyroid gland itself. Most common cause is ______ (>80% of cases).
- Lab findings: ______ and ______, Decreased ______ phosporus, and increased ______ phosphorus, Increased serum ______ and serum ______.
- Clinical symptoms: ______, cystic changes in bone due to osteoclastic resorption; it is also known as ______; fibrous replacement of resorbed bone may lead to the formation of non-neoplastic tumor-like masses (______). Metastatic calcification on tissues. Kidney problems with ______.
- treatment: ______
A
primary hyperparathyroidism parathyroid adenoma Hypercalcemia hypercalciuria serum urinary alkaline phosphatase PTH Osteitis fibrosa cystica von Recklinghausen disease of bone “brown tumor” stones surgery
14
Q
Compensatory parathyroid hyperplasia occurs in response to decreased concentration of serum ______. Most common cause is ______ of ______. Characteristics include decreased serum ______, increased serum ______, and increased serum ______; diffuse osteoclastic bone disease; and metastatic calcification. ______ is increased.
A
secondary hyperparathyroidism ionized calcium hypocalcemia chronic renal disease calcium phosphorus alkaline phosphatase PTH
15
Q
- the most common cause is accidental surgical excision during thyroidectomy. In rare instances, this disorder is associated with congenital thymic hypoplasia (DiGeorge syndrome). Severe ______.
- leads to ______ and ______
- treated with ______ and supplementary ______
A
hypoparathyroidism hypocalcemia neuromuscular excitability tetany high calcium diet vitamin D
