CHAPTER 5: Lesson 16: Antimicrobial Therapy and Resistance Continued (Antimicrobial resistance )

Question 1

threatens the effective prevention
and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria,
parasites, viruses and fungi.

Answer 1

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Question 2

It occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over
time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and
increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death

Answer 2

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Question 3

It occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over
time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and
increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death

Answer 3

Antimicrobial Resistance AMR

Question 4

Antimicrobials

Answer 4

antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics

Question 5

are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans,
animals and plants

Answer 5

antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics

Question 6

Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are
sometimes referred to as

Answer 6

“superbugs”

Question 7

If a bacterium is _______ to a certain antimicrobial agent, then all of
the daughter cells would also be resistant (unless additional mutations
occurred in the meantime)

Answer 7

resistant

Question 8

describes bacterial cells
that are not susceptible to the drug, but do not possess resistance genes

Answer 8

Persistence

Question 9

Susceptibility and resistance are usually measured as a function of

Answer 9

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

Question 10

The susceptibility is actually a range of
the average MICs for any given drug across the same bacterial species

Question 11

The minimal concentration of drug
that will inhibit growth of the bacteria.

Answer 11

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

Question 12

It is actually a range of
the average MICs for any given drug across the same bacterial species.

Answer 12

susceptibility

Question 13

Natural resistance may be

Answer 13

intrinsic
or induced

Question 14

(always expressed in the species)

Answer 14

intrinsic

Question 15

(the genes are naturally occurring in the bacteria, but are only
expressed to resistance levels after exposure to an antibiotic).

Answer 15

induced

Question 16

may be defined as a trait that is shared universally
within a bacterial species, is independent of previous antibiotic exposure, and
not related to horizontal gene

Answer 16

Intrinsic resistance

Question 17

The most common bacterial mechanisms
involved in intrinsic resistance are reduced permeability of the outer
membrane (most specifically the __________) and the natural activity of efflux pumps.

Answer 17

lipopolysaccharide, LPS, in gram negative
bacteria

Question 18

are also a common mechanism of induced
resistance.

Answer 18

Multidrug-efflux pumps

Question 19

Origins of resistance

Answer 19

 Natural resistance
 Acquired resistance

Question 20

(all termed horizontal gene
transfer—HGT)

Answer 20

transformation, transposition, and conjugation

Question 21

It is the most common route for acquisition of
outside genetic material; bacteriophage-borne transmission is fairly rare.

Answer 21

Plasmid-mediated
Transmission Of Resistance Genes

Question 22

Mechanisms of resistance

Answer 22

(1) limiting uptake of a drug;
(2) modifying a drug target;
(3) inactivating a drug;
(4) active drug efflux

Question 23

are proteins
present in the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria that form
channels to allow the entry of antibiotics

Answer 23

Porins

Question 24

comprises any syntrophic consortium of
microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a
surface

Answer 24

biofilm

Question 25

These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy
extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric
substances).

Answer 25

Biofilm formation

Question 26

two main ways in which bacteria inactivate
drugs

Answer 26

by actual degradation of the drug
or
by transfer

Question 27

Drug inactivation by transfer of a chemical group to the drug most
commonly uses ________

Answer 27

transfer of acetyl, phosphoryl, and adenyl groups

Question 28

is the most
diversely used mechanism, and is known to be used against the
aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, the streptogramins, and the
fluoroquinolones

Answer 28

Acetylation

Question 29

are known to be used
primarily against the aminoglycosides

Answer 29

Phosphorylation and adenylation

Question 30

: enzymes produced by bacterial cell against β-lactam
drugs (most widely-used antimicrobials) such as penicillins, cephalosphorins.
New drug combinations are now available which contains β-lactamase
inhibitors

Answer 30

β-lactamases

Question 31

(most widely-used antimicrobials)

Answer 31

β-lactam
drugs

Question 32

function primarily to rid the
bacterial cell of toxic substances, and many of these pumps will transport a
large variety of compounds (multi-drug [MDR] efflux pumps)

Answer 32

efflux pumps