CHAPTER 2: Lesson 8: Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards
It harness the sun’s light to make food and generate energy without using oxygen.
Cyanobacteria
It is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.
Metabolism
Metabolism is
divided into two types of chemical reactions, what are these?
catabolic reaction and anabolic
reaction
It is an enzyme-regulated chemical
process that releases energy whereby complex organic compounds are breakdown
into simpler ones.
Catabolism or Catabolic reaction
This reaction mainly uses water (hydrolytic reaction) to break
chemical bonds, and produce more energy that they consume (exergonic).
Catabolism or Catabolic Reaction
It is an enzyme-regulated chemical process that
requires energy to build complex organic molecules from simpler ones.
Anabolism or anabolic reaction
This reaction
mainly releases water (dehydration synthesis reaction), and consumes more energy
that they produce (endergonic).
Anabolism or Anabolic Reaction
It provides the building blocks for anabolic reactions and also
supply the energy needed for it in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Catabolic reactions
The
formation or breakdown of chemical bonds is made possible by collision of atoms,
ions or molecules that are continuously moving and colliding with one another.
collision theory
It is the energy required for a chemical reaction.
activation energy
They are substances which serve as biological catalysts that
speed up chemical reactions without them being permanently altered.
Enzymes
It is the unique surface configuration of an enzyme that enables it to bind to its corresponding
substance.
substrate
This is called “lock and key mode”.
Substrate
Substrate is called what?
lock and key mode
The surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface
of the enzyme molecule called ________.
active site
A temporary intermediate
compounds forms, called an _____________.
enzyme-substrate complex
Factors that influence enzymatic activity
Temperature
pH
Substrate
Inhibitors
When this increases the rate of chemical reactions also increases.
temperature
Once the optimal temperature is reached, the chemical reaction is reduced following the
denaturation (change in structure) of enzymes.
Temperature
The reaction also declined once
optimal _________ is reached.
pH
concentration
substrate
It inhibits enzymatic
action.
Inhibitors
2 types of Inhibitors
Competitive Inhibitor
Non-competitive Inhibitor
It competes with normal substrate for the active site.
competitive inhibitor
It interacts with another part of the enzyme.
non-competitive inhibitor
The process
by which non-competitive inhibitors carry out its function is called __________ wherein inhibitors bind to parts of the enzyme other than
substrate binding site.
allosteric or
feedback inhibition
This binding will change the shape of the enzyme making it
inactive thus stops the cell to produce more substance than it needs.
Non-competitive inhibitor
These are a type of RNA that serve as catalysts acting specifically on
strands of RNA during protein synthesis.
Ribozymes
Two general aspects of energy production
Oxidation & Generation of ATP
Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Oxidation
It is the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule in a reaction
that produces energy.
Oxidation
It is gaining one or more electrons.
Reduction
These
two reactions are always coupled, each time a molecule is oxidized
another is simultaneously reduced.
Oxidation & Reduction
These are used by cells in catabolism to extract
energy from nutrient molecules. For example: oxidation of glucose
to CO2 and H2O will release energy that will be trapped by ATP
which can then serve as energy source.
redox reactions
The energy released during redox reaction is trapped by _________ within the cell
as energy reserve by addition of a phosphate group to ADP in a process
called phosphorylation:
ATP
The energy released during redox reaction is trapped by ATP within the cell
as energy reserve by addition of a phosphate group to ADP in a process
called __________.
phosphorylation
Three mechanisms of phosphorylation
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
ATP is generated when a high energy P
is directly transferred from the phosphorylated compound to ADP.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Electrons are transferred from organic
compound to a series of electron carriers in a system called electron
transport chain. During the transfer of electrons from one carrier to another
releases energy which then binds to ADP to generate ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation
It is the series of electron carriers in a system.
electron
transport chain
It occurs only in photosynthetic cells which contain
chlorophyll (light energy trapping pigments) that can be converted into
ATP in a process involving an electron transport chain system.
Photophosphorylation
It is the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells.
Glucose
It is the primary source of cellular energy in most
microorganisms.
Oxidation of carbohydrate
Two processes of energy production from glucose that both process starts with glycolysis.
cellular
respiration and fermentation
It is oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid that
occurs during the first stage of carbohydrate catabolism. It is also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway
Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
Glycolysis is also called what?
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
It is an ATP-generating process wherein the final electron acceptor
is an inorganic molecule.
Cellular respiration
Types of cellular respiration:
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
It is done in a process called Krebs cycle also
called as tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle. Krebs cycle releases
ATP from acetyl coA in its every step. Acetyl coA is the resulting
complex of acetyl group (derived from pyruvic acid) and coenzyme
A.
Aerobic respiration
It is the resulting
complex of acetyl group (derived from pyruvic acid) and coenzyme
A.
Acetyl coA
Aerobic Respiration is done in a process called what?
Krebs Cycle / Tricarboxylic Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle
The final electron acceptor is an inorganic
molecule other than oxygen. Example: Pseudomonas and Bacillus
using nitrate ion, or Desulfovibrio using sulfate.
Anaerobic Respiration
It generate energy from sugars and other organic molecules such as
amino acids, organic acids, purines and pyrimidines by not requiring oxygen, Krebs
cycle or electron transport chain system.
Fermentation
Uses an organic molecule as the final
electron acceptor but produces only small amounts of ATP.
Fermentation
Examples of fermentation:
- Lactic acid fermentation
- Alcohol fermentation
The end-product is lactic acid (Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus)
Lactic acid fermentation
End-product is ethanol (Saccharomyces)
Alcohol fermentation
Aside from glucose, _________ also oxidize lipids and proteins to generate
energy in a related manner.
microbes
The fatty acids and glycerol in lipids
are broken down by extracellular enzymes called __________ before it undergoes
oxidation in Kreb’s cycle.
lipases
It is a process from which microorganisms can obtain energy from
inorganic substance by converting sunlight energy into chemical energy.
Photosynthesis
Proteins on the other hand are broken into __________ by enzymes
proteases and peptidases before they can pass thru the plasma membranes.
amino acids
Proteins on the other hand are broken into amino acids by enzymes
_________ and __________ before they can pass thru the plasma membranes.
proteases and peptidases
Proteins on the other hand are broken into amino acids by enzymes
proteases and peptidases before they can pass thru the plasma membranes. The
amino acids then undergo _________ (removal of amino group) before it enters the
Krebs cycle.
deamination
removal of amino group
deamination
The
chemical energy produced by the process photosynthesis will then convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to sugars
in a process called _____________.
carbon fixation
It is a life mechanism on earth to
recycle carbon dioxide excreted by other organisms (ex: human) to be used by
plants and other microorganisms.
Carbon fixation
Two stages of photosynthesis
- Light-dependent (light) reactions
- Light-independent (dark) reactions
It uses light energy to generate energy (photophosphorylation)
Light-dependent (light) reactions
It is the breakdown of carbon dioxide into
sugar using energy generated in the first stage (Calvin-Benson cycle)
Light-independent (dark) reactions
Metabolic pathways that uses the energy generated by processes presented
above.
- Polysaccharide biosynthesis
- Lipid biosynthesis
- Amino acid and protein biosynthesis
- Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
