CHAPTER 2: Lesson 8: Bacterial Metabolism

Question 1

It harness the sun’s light to make food and generate energy without using oxygen.

Answer 1

Cyanobacteria

Question 2

It is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.

Answer 2

Metabolism

Question 3

Metabolism is
divided into two types of chemical reactions, what are these?

Answer 3

catabolic reaction and anabolic
reaction

Question 4

It is an enzyme-regulated chemical
process that releases energy whereby complex organic compounds are breakdown
into simpler ones.

Answer 4

Catabolism or Catabolic reaction

Question 5

This reaction mainly uses water (hydrolytic reaction) to break
chemical bonds, and produce more energy that they consume (exergonic).

Answer 5

Catabolism or Catabolic Reaction

Question 6

It is an enzyme-regulated chemical process that
requires energy to build complex organic molecules from simpler ones.

Answer 6

Anabolism or anabolic reaction

Question 7

This reaction
mainly releases water (dehydration synthesis reaction), and consumes more energy
that they produce (endergonic).

Answer 7

Anabolism or Anabolic Reaction

Question 8

It provides the building blocks for anabolic reactions and also
supply the energy needed for it in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 8

Catabolic reactions

Question 9

The
formation or breakdown of chemical bonds is made possible by collision of atoms,
ions or molecules that are continuously moving and colliding with one another.

Answer 9

collision theory

Question 10

It is the energy required for a chemical reaction.

Answer 10

activation energy

Question 11

They are substances which serve as biological catalysts that
speed up chemical reactions without them being permanently altered.

Answer 11

Enzymes

Question 12

It is the unique surface configuration of an enzyme that enables it to bind to its corresponding
substance.

Answer 12

substrate

Question 13

This is called “lock and key mode”.

Answer 13

Substrate

Question 14

Substrate is called what?

Answer 14

lock and key mode

Question 15

The surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface
of the enzyme molecule called ________.

Answer 15

active site

Question 16

A temporary intermediate
compounds forms, called an _____________.

Answer 16

enzyme-substrate complex

Question 17

Factors that influence enzymatic activity

Answer 17

Temperature
pH
Substrate
Inhibitors

Question 18

When this increases the rate of chemical reactions also increases.

Answer 18

temperature

Question 19

Once the optimal temperature is reached, the chemical reaction is reduced following the
denaturation (change in structure) of enzymes.

Answer 19

Temperature

Question 20

The reaction also declined once
optimal _________ is reached.

Answer 20

pH

Question 21

concentration

Answer 21

substrate

Question 22

It inhibits enzymatic
action.

Answer 22

Inhibitors

Question 23

2 types of Inhibitors

Answer 23

Competitive Inhibitor
Non-competitive Inhibitor

Question 24

It competes with normal substrate for the active site.

Answer 24

competitive inhibitor

Question 25

It interacts with another part of the enzyme.

Answer 25

non-competitive inhibitor

Question 26

The process by which non-competitive inhibitors carry out its function is called __________ wherein inhibitors bind to parts of the enzyme other than substrate binding site.

Answer 26

allosteric or feedback inhibition

Question 27

This binding will change the shape of the enzyme making it inactive thus stops the cell to produce more substance than it needs.

Answer 27

Non-competitive inhibitor

Question 28

These are a type of RNA that serve as catalysts acting specifically on strands of RNA during protein synthesis.

Answer 28

Ribozymes

Question 29

Two general aspects of energy production

Answer 29

Oxidation & Generation of ATP

Question 30

Reduction (Redox) Reactions

Answer 30

Oxidation

Question 31

It is the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule in a reaction that produces energy.

Answer 31

Oxidation

Question 32

It is gaining one or more electrons.

Answer 32

Reduction

Question 33

These two reactions are always coupled, each time a molecule is oxidized another is simultaneously reduced.

Answer 33

Oxidation & Reduction

Question 34

These are used by cells in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules. For example: oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O will release energy that will be trapped by ATP which can then serve as energy source.

Answer 34

redox reactions

Question 35

The energy released during redox reaction is trapped by _________ within the cell as energy reserve by addition of a phosphate group to ADP in a process called phosphorylation:

Answer 35

ATP

Question 36

The energy released during redox reaction is trapped by ATP within the cell as energy reserve by addition of a phosphate group to ADP in a process called __________.

Answer 36

phosphorylation

Question 37

Three mechanisms of phosphorylation

Answer 37

Substrate-level Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Photophosphorylation

Question 38

ATP is generated when a high energy P is directly transferred from the phosphorylated compound to ADP.

Answer 38

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 39

Electrons are transferred from organic compound to a series of electron carriers in a system called electron transport chain. During the transfer of electrons from one carrier to another releases energy which then binds to ADP to generate ATP.

Answer 39

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 40

It is the series of electron carriers in a system.

Answer 40

electron transport chain

Question 41

It occurs only in photosynthetic cells which contain chlorophyll (light energy trapping pigments) that can be converted into ATP in a process involving an electron transport chain system.

Answer 41

Photophosphorylation

Question 42

It is the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells.

Answer 42

Glucose

Question 43

It is the primary source of cellular energy in most microorganisms.

Answer 43

Oxidation of carbohydrate

Question 44

Two processes of energy production from glucose that both process starts with glycolysis.

Answer 44

cellular respiration and fermentation

Question 45

It is oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs during the first stage of carbohydrate catabolism. It is also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Answer 45

Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

Question 46

Glycolysis is also called what?

Answer 46

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Question 47

It is an ATP-generating process wherein the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule.

Answer 47

Cellular respiration

Question 48

Types of cellular respiration:

Answer 48

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Question 49

It is done in a process called Krebs cycle also called as tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle. Krebs cycle releases ATP from acetyl coA in its every step. Acetyl coA is the resulting complex of acetyl group (derived from pyruvic acid) and coenzyme A.

Answer 49

Aerobic respiration

Question 50

It is the resulting complex of acetyl group (derived from pyruvic acid) and coenzyme A.

Answer 50

Acetyl coA

Question 51

Aerobic Respiration is done in a process called what?

Answer 51

Krebs Cycle / Tricarboxylic Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle

Question 52

The final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen. Example: Pseudomonas and Bacillus using nitrate ion, or Desulfovibrio using sulfate.

Answer 52

Anaerobic Respiration

Question 53

It generate energy from sugars and other organic molecules such as amino acids, organic acids, purines and pyrimidines by not requiring oxygen, Krebs cycle or electron transport chain system.

Answer 53

Fermentation

Question 54

Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor but produces only small amounts of ATP.

Answer 54

Fermentation

Question 55

Examples of fermentation:

Answer 55

1. Lactic acid fermentation 2. Alcohol fermentation

Question 56

The end-product is lactic acid (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus)

Answer 56

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 57

End-product is ethanol (Saccharomyces)

Answer 57

Alcohol fermentation

Question 58

Aside from glucose, _________ also oxidize lipids and proteins to generate energy in a related manner.

Answer 58

microbes

Question 59

The fatty acids and glycerol in lipids are broken down by extracellular enzymes called __________ before it undergoes oxidation in Kreb’s cycle.

Answer 59

lipases

Question 60

It is a process from which microorganisms can obtain energy from inorganic substance by converting sunlight energy into chemical energy.

Answer 60

Photosynthesis

Question 61

Proteins on the other hand are broken into __________ by enzymes proteases and peptidases before they can pass thru the plasma membranes.

Answer 61

amino acids

Question 62

Proteins on the other hand are broken into amino acids by enzymes _________ and __________ before they can pass thru the plasma membranes.

Answer 62

proteases and peptidases

Question 63

Proteins on the other hand are broken into amino acids by enzymes proteases and peptidases before they can pass thru the plasma membranes. The amino acids then undergo _________ (removal of amino group) before it enters the Krebs cycle.

Answer 63

deamination

Question 64

removal of amino group

Answer 64

deamination

Question 65

The chemical energy produced by the process photosynthesis will then convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to sugars in a process called _____________.

Answer 65

carbon fixation

Question 66

It is a life mechanism on earth to recycle carbon dioxide excreted by other organisms (ex: human) to be used by plants and other microorganisms.

Answer 66

Carbon fixation

Question 67

Two stages of photosynthesis

Answer 67

1. Light-dependent (light) reactions 2. Light-independent (dark) reactions

Question 68

It uses light energy to generate energy (photophosphorylation)

Answer 68

Light-dependent (light) reactions

Question 69

It is the breakdown of carbon dioxide into sugar using energy generated in the first stage (Calvin-Benson cycle)

Answer 69

Light-independent (dark) reactions

Question 70

Metabolic pathways that uses the energy generated by processes presented above.

Answer 70

1. Polysaccharide biosynthesis 2. Lipid biosynthesis 3. Amino acid and protein biosynthesis 4. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis