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VMCB 311 > CHAPTER 2: Lesson 8: Bacterial Metabolism > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: Lesson 8: Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

It harness the sun’s light to make food and generate energy without using oxygen.

A

Cyanobacteria

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2
Q

It is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

Metabolism is
divided into two types of chemical reactions, what are these?

A

catabolic reaction and anabolic
reaction

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4
Q

It is an enzyme-regulated chemical
process that releases energy whereby complex organic compounds are breakdown
into simpler ones.

A

Catabolism or Catabolic reaction

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5
Q

This reaction mainly uses water (hydrolytic reaction) to break
chemical bonds, and produce more energy that they consume (exergonic).

A

Catabolism or Catabolic Reaction

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6
Q

It is an enzyme-regulated chemical process that
requires energy to build complex organic molecules from simpler ones.

A

Anabolism or anabolic reaction

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7
Q

This reaction
mainly releases water (dehydration synthesis reaction), and consumes more energy
that they produce (endergonic).

A

Anabolism or Anabolic Reaction

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8
Q

It provides the building blocks for anabolic reactions and also
supply the energy needed for it in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Catabolic reactions

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9
Q

The
formation or breakdown of chemical bonds is made possible by collision of atoms,
ions or molecules that are continuously moving and colliding with one another.

A

collision theory

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10
Q

It is the energy required for a chemical reaction.

A

activation energy

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11
Q

They are substances which serve as biological catalysts that
speed up chemical reactions without them being permanently altered.

A

Enzymes

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12
Q

It is the unique surface configuration of an enzyme that enables it to bind to its corresponding
substance.

A

substrate

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13
Q

This is called “lock and key mode”.

A

Substrate

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14
Q

Substrate is called what?

A

lock and key mode

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15
Q

The surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface
of the enzyme molecule called ________.

A

active site

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16
Q

A temporary intermediate
compounds forms, called an _____________.

A

enzyme-substrate complex

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17
Q

Factors that influence enzymatic activity

A

Temperature
pH
Substrate
Inhibitors

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18
Q

When this increases the rate of chemical reactions also increases.

A

temperature

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19
Q

Once the optimal temperature is reached, the chemical reaction is reduced following the
denaturation (change in structure) of enzymes.

A

Temperature

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20
Q

The reaction also declined once
optimal _________ is reached.

A

pH

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21
Q

concentration

A

substrate

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22
Q

It inhibits enzymatic
action.

A

Inhibitors

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23
Q

2 types of Inhibitors

A

Competitive Inhibitor
Non-competitive Inhibitor

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24
Q

It competes with normal substrate for the active site.

A

competitive inhibitor

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25
Q

It interacts with another part of the enzyme.

A

non-competitive inhibitor

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26
Q

The process
by which non-competitive inhibitors carry out its function is called __________ wherein inhibitors bind to parts of the enzyme other than
substrate binding site.

A

allosteric or
feedback inhibition

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27
Q

This binding will change the shape of the enzyme making it
inactive thus stops the cell to produce more substance than it needs.

A

Non-competitive inhibitor

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28
Q

These are a type of RNA that serve as catalysts acting specifically on
strands of RNA during protein synthesis.

A

Ribozymes

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29
Q

Two general aspects of energy production

A

Oxidation & Generation of ATP

30
Q

Reduction (Redox) Reactions

A

Oxidation

31
Q

It is the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule in a reaction
that produces energy.

A

Oxidation

32
Q

It is gaining one or more electrons.

A

Reduction

33
Q

These
two reactions are always coupled, each time a molecule is oxidized
another is simultaneously reduced.

A

Oxidation & Reduction

34
Q

These are used by cells in catabolism to extract
energy from nutrient molecules. For example: oxidation of glucose
to CO2 and H2O will release energy that will be trapped by ATP
which can then serve as energy source.

A

redox reactions

35
Q

The energy released during redox reaction is trapped by _________ within the cell
as energy reserve by addition of a phosphate group to ADP in a process
called phosphorylation:

A

ATP

36
Q

The energy released during redox reaction is trapped by ATP within the cell
as energy reserve by addition of a phosphate group to ADP in a process
called __________.

A

phosphorylation

37
Q

Three mechanisms of phosphorylation

A

Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

38
Q

ATP is generated when a high energy P
is directly transferred from the phosphorylated compound to ADP.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

39
Q

Electrons are transferred from organic
compound to a series of electron carriers in a system called electron
transport chain. During the transfer of electrons from one carrier to another
releases energy which then binds to ADP to generate ATP.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

It is the series of electron carriers in a system.

A

electron
transport chain

41
Q

It occurs only in photosynthetic cells which contain
chlorophyll (light energy trapping pigments) that can be converted into
ATP in a process involving an electron transport chain system.

A

Photophosphorylation

42
Q

It is the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells.

A

Glucose

43
Q

It is the primary source of cellular energy in most
microorganisms.

A

Oxidation of carbohydrate

44
Q

Two processes of energy production from glucose that both process starts with glycolysis.

A

cellular
respiration and fermentation

45
Q

It is oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid that
occurs during the first stage of carbohydrate catabolism. It is also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway

A

Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

46
Q

Glycolysis is also called what?

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

47
Q

It is an ATP-generating process wherein the final electron acceptor
is an inorganic molecule.

A

Cellular respiration

48
Q

Types of cellular respiration:

A

Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration

49
Q

It is done in a process called Krebs cycle also
called as tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle. Krebs cycle releases
ATP from acetyl coA in its every step. Acetyl coA is the resulting
complex of acetyl group (derived from pyruvic acid) and coenzyme
A.

A

Aerobic respiration

50
Q

It is the resulting
complex of acetyl group (derived from pyruvic acid) and coenzyme
A.

A

Acetyl coA

51
Q

Aerobic Respiration is done in a process called what?

A

Krebs Cycle / Tricarboxylic Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle

52
Q

The final electron acceptor is an inorganic
molecule other than oxygen. Example: Pseudomonas and Bacillus
using nitrate ion, or Desulfovibrio using sulfate.

A

Anaerobic Respiration

53
Q

It generate energy from sugars and other organic molecules such as
amino acids, organic acids, purines and pyrimidines by not requiring oxygen, Krebs
cycle or electron transport chain system.

A

Fermentation

54
Q

Uses an organic molecule as the final
electron acceptor but produces only small amounts of ATP.

A

Fermentation

55
Q

Examples of fermentation:

A
  1. Lactic acid fermentation
  2. Alcohol fermentation
56
Q

The end-product is lactic acid (Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus)

A

Lactic acid fermentation

57
Q

End-product is ethanol (Saccharomyces)

A

Alcohol fermentation

58
Q

Aside from glucose, _________ also oxidize lipids and proteins to generate
energy in a related manner.

A

microbes

59
Q

The fatty acids and glycerol in lipids
are broken down by extracellular enzymes called __________ before it undergoes
oxidation in Kreb’s cycle.

A

lipases

60
Q

It is a process from which microorganisms can obtain energy from
inorganic substance by converting sunlight energy into chemical energy.

A

Photosynthesis

61
Q

Proteins on the other hand are broken into __________ by enzymes
proteases and peptidases before they can pass thru the plasma membranes.

A

amino acids

62
Q

Proteins on the other hand are broken into amino acids by enzymes
_________ and __________ before they can pass thru the plasma membranes.

A

proteases and peptidases

63
Q

Proteins on the other hand are broken into amino acids by enzymes
proteases and peptidases before they can pass thru the plasma membranes. The
amino acids then undergo _________ (removal of amino group) before it enters the
Krebs cycle.

A

deamination

64
Q

removal of amino group

A

deamination

65
Q

The
chemical energy produced by the process photosynthesis will then convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to sugars
in a process called _____________.

A

carbon fixation

66
Q

It is a life mechanism on earth to
recycle carbon dioxide excreted by other organisms (ex: human) to be used by
plants and other microorganisms.

A

Carbon fixation

67
Q

Two stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. Light-dependent (light) reactions
  2. Light-independent (dark) reactions
68
Q

It uses light energy to generate energy (photophosphorylation)

A

Light-dependent (light) reactions

69
Q

It is the breakdown of carbon dioxide into
sugar using energy generated in the first stage (Calvin-Benson cycle)

A

Light-independent (dark) reactions

70
Q

Metabolic pathways that uses the energy generated by processes presented
above.

A
  1. Polysaccharide biosynthesis
  2. Lipid biosynthesis
  3. Amino acid and protein biosynthesis
  4. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis

VMCB 311 (11 decks)

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