CHAPTER 4: Lesson 15: Introduction to Genetic Engineering and Molecular Methods

Question 1

is the deliberate modification of an organism’s genetic
information by directly changing its nucleic acid genome and is achieved by a group
of methods known as recombinant DNA technology.

Answer 1

Genetic engineering

Question 2

a group of methods known as

Answer 2

recombinant DNA technology

Question 3

is of value on basic research on gene structure and
function, production of useful proteins by novel methods, generation of transgenic
plants and animals, medical diagnosis and treatment or genome analysis by DNA
sequencing.

Answer 3

Genetic manipulation

Question 4

The term has been coined to describe the
ethical problems that exist in modern genetics

Answer 4

genethics

Question 5

are likely to increase in both
number and complexity as genetic engineering technology becomes more
sophisticated

Answer 5

genethics

Question 6

example of advanced genetic engineering technology

Answer 6

development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).

Question 7

The process of artificially
introducing foreign genes into organisms is termed

Answer 7

transfection

Question 8

The process of artificially
introducing foreign genes into organisms is termed transfection, and the recombinant
organisms produced in this way are called

Answer 8

transgenic or Genetically Modified
organisms (GMOs)

Question 9

Foreign genes have been inserted into a variety of microbes, plants, and
animals through

Answer 9

recombinant DNA techniques

Question 10

One useful property of DNA

Answer 10

it readily
anneals (changes its binding properties in response to heating and cooling)

Question 11

Exposure to temperatures _____________ causes DNA to become
temporarily denatured

Answer 11

just below boiling (90–95°C)

Question 12

Exposure to temperatures just below boiling (90–95°C) causes DNA to become
_______.

Answer 12

temporarily denatured

Question 13

When heating is followed by gradual cooling, two single DNA strands _________ by hydrogen bonds at complementary sites

Answer 13

rejoin (renature)

Question 14

When heating is followed by gradual cooling, two single DNA strands rejoin (renature) by _________ at complementary sites

Answer 14

hydrogen bonds

Question 15

is a necessary feature of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid probes

Answer 15

Annealing

Question 16

Annealing is a necessary feature of the __________.

Answer 16

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
&
Nucleic Acid Probes

Question 17

possessed by bacteria which allows them to recognize
specific regions of DNA for cleavage in producing DNA fragments to be used in
genetic engineering

Answer 17

Restriction enzymes

Question 18

DNA sequences recognized by restriction enzymes are
predominantly __________.

Answer 18

palindromes

Question 19

Inverted sequence repetitions

Answer 19

palindromes

Question 20

Methods used to Size, Synthesize, and Sequence DNA

Answer 20

 Hybridization
 DNA sequencing
 Nucleic acid probes:

Question 21

It is the process of combining two complementary single-stranded
DNA or RNA molecules and allowing them to form a single double-stranded
molecule through base pairing.

Answer 21

Hybridization

Question 22

Types of hybridization

Answer 22

1. Northern blot
2. Southern blot
3. Western blot

Question 23

Hybridization of DNA to RNA, which
provides quantitative information about RNA synthesis.

Answer 23

Northern blot

Question 24

Hybridization of DNA to DNA.

Answer 24

Southern blot

Question 25

This method is useful to detect specific DNA sequences in restriction fragments separated on gels. These blots can be used to detect overlapping restriction fragments.

Answer 25

Southern blot

Question 26

Southern blot is used to....

Answer 26

detect overlapping restriction fragments

Question 27

It is a technique used for detection of genes, in which antibodies are used to detect cloned genes by binding to their protein products.

Answer 27

Western blot

Question 28

are used to detect cloned genes by binding to their protein products

Answer 28

antibodies

Question 29

It shows gene structure that helps research workers to find out the structure of gene products.

Answer 29

DNA sequencing

Question 30

DNA Sequencing Applications

Answer 30

■ Information obtained by DNA sequencing makes it possible to understand or alter the function of genes. ■ DNA sequence analysis demonstrates regulatory regions that control gene expression and genetic “hot spots” particularly susceptible to mutation. ■ Comparison of DNA sequences shows evolutionary relationships that provide a framework for definite classification of microorganisms including viruses. ■ Comparison of DNA sequences facilitates identification of conserved regions, which are useful for development of specific hybridization probes to detect microorganisms including viruses in clinical samples

Question 31

are segments of DNA and RNA labeled with radioisotopes or enzymes that can hybridize to complementary nucleic acids with high degree of specificity.

Answer 31

Nucleic acid probes

Question 32

The basis of specially formulated oligonucleotide tracers called

Answer 32

gene probes

Question 33

A molecule labeled with a radioactive isotope, dye, or enzyme that is used to locate particular sequence or gene on a DNA molecule

Answer 33

DNA Probe

Question 34

DNA probe is also known as

Answer 34

hybridization probe

Question 35

hybridization probe is also known as

Answer 35

DNA Probe

Question 36

A sequence that is used to locate a specific DNA/RNA fragment to take to PCR to be replicated.

Answer 36

DNA Probe

Question 37

a technique that syntheysize large quantities of a DNA fragment without cloning it.

Answer 37

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 38

By this technique, large quantities of a particular DNA sequence can be prepared

Answer 38

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 39

This method can generate tens of billions of copies of a particular DNA fragment (the sequence of interest, DNA of interest, or target DNA) from a DNA extract (DNA template)

Answer 39

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 40

Three Major Steps Involved in the PCR Technique:

Answer 40

1) denaturation 2) annealing 3) extension

Question 41

Steps Involved in the PCR Technique

Answer 41

STEP 1; the DNA is denatured at high temperatures(from 90 - 97 degrees Celsius). STEP 2: primers anneal to the DNA template strands to prime extension. STEP 3: extension occurs at the end of the annealed primers to create a complementary copy strand of DNA.

Question 42

DNA is denatured in what temperatures?

Answer 42

90 - 97°C

Question 43

This step in the PCR cycle effectively doubles the DNA quantity

Answer 43

STEP 3: Extension

Question 44

Denaturation temperature

Answer 44

94°C

Question 45

Annealing temperature

Answer 45

54°C

Question 46

Extension temperature

Answer 46

72°C

Question 47

A PCR can either be what?

Answer 47

Qualitative or Quantitative

Question 48

is also referred to real time PCR

Answer 48

Quantitative PCR techniques

Question 49

It gives an idea about how much DNA amount present in the sample

Answer 49

Quantitative PCR techniques

Question 50

Is used for detecting a specific DNA segment

Answer 50

Qualitative PCR techniques

Question 51

is another modification of PCR in which two or more target sequences can be demonstrated simultaneously in a single specimen at the same time

Answer 51

Multiplex PCR

Question 52

is designed to collect data as the reaction is proceeding, which is more accurate for DNA and RNA quantitation and does not require laborious post PCR methods.

Answer 52

Real-time PCR

Question 53

A technique mainly used to change the phenotype of an organism (host) when a genetically altered vector is introduced and integrated into the genome of the organism

Answer 53

Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 54

Basically, this process introduce a foreign piece of DNA structure into the genome of the host. This particular gene that is introduced is referred to as the recombinant gene.

Answer 54

Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 55

This particular gene that is introduced in Recombinant DNA Technology is referred to as the

Answer 55

recombinant gene

Question 56

Biological Products of Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 56

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Gene Therapy

Question 57

The process of artificially introducing foreign genes into organisms is termed

Answer 57

transfection

Question 58

are available for a variety of biotechnological applications. Because they are unique life forms that would never have otherwise occurred, they can be patented.

Answer 58

Transgenic “designer” organisms

Question 59

is a technique for replacing a faulty gene with a normal one in individuals with fatal or extremely debilitating genetic diseases.

Answer 59

Gene therapy

Question 60

The inherent benefit of this therapy is to permanently cure the physiological dysfunction by repairing the genetic defect

Answer 60

Gene therapy