Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
consists of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands, and nails.
A
integumentary system
2
Q
The appearance of the integumentary system can indicate physiological imbalances in the body. True or False
A
True
3
Q
most superficial layer of skin
A
epidermis
4
Q
a layer of dense connective tissue
A
dermis
5
Q
on average the dermis is 10 to 20 times thicker than the epidermis. True or False
A
True
6
Q
dermis prevents water loss and resists abrasion. True or False
A
False - epidermis
7
Q
skin rests on the __________ tissue, which is a layer of connective tissue.
A
subcutaneous
8
Q
The subcutaneous tissue is a part of the skin, and it connects the skin to the underlying muscle or bone. True or False
A
False - not part of the skin
9
Q
The epidermis is a stratified cuboidal epithelium. True or False
A
False - stratified squamous epithelium
10
Q
In the deepest layers of the epidermis, new cells are produced by mitosis. True or False
A
True
11
Q
During movement, cells change shape and chemical composition, a process called ____________
A
keratinization
12
Q
Cells become filled with protein ____________ , which makes them more rigid and durable
A
keratin
13
Q
Distinct layers called ___________ , can be seen in the epidermis
A
strata
14
Q
Deepest stratum and consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic divisions about every 19 days
A
stratum basale
15
Q
How many days does it take for the cells to be pushed toward the surface?
A
40-56 days
16
Q
most superficial stratum of the epidermis
A
Stratum corneum
17
Q
The stratum corneum is coated and surrounded by proteins. True or False
A
False - Lipids
18
Q
stratum granulosum is consists of 25 or more layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin joined by desmosomes. True or False
A
False - Stratum corneum
19
Q
Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the surface is called ___________
A
dandruff
20
Q
In skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a thickened area called a __________
A
callus
21
Q
Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called a ___________
A
corn
22
Q
multilayer of distorted (spine cells)
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
A
stratum spinosum
23
Q
This layer has plenty of protein granules
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
A
stratum granulosum
24
Q
a thin layer and found only on thick skin (palm and sole)
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
A
stratum lucidum
25
it looks spiky under the microscope
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum spinosum
26
allows keratinocytes to mature
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum spinosum
27
allows light to pass through
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
28
the cells are already dead but keratinized when they reach this layer
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
29
part of stratum corneum
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
30
anucleated cells
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum corneum
31
stratum germinativum
CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
stratum basale
32
Dense collagenous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages
dermis
33
Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis. True or False
True
34
Collagen fibers are oriented in
| some directions than the others, producing _________
cleavage lines
35
physicians make an incision parallel with the cleavage lines to lessen the gap and produce less scar tissue. True or False
True
36
the skin is most resistant to stretch along these lines
cleavage lines or tension lines
37
If the skin is overstretched for any reason, the dermis can be damaged, leaving lines that are visible through the epidermis. These lines are called ______
stretch marks
38
projections that extend toward the epidermis
dermal papillae
39
```
Contain many blood
vessels; supplies the
overlying epidermis with nutrients, removes waste
products, and help
regulate body temperate
```
dermal papillae
40
drawing the skin taut and inserting a small needle at a shallow angle into the dermis; tuberculin skin test
Intradermal injection
41
pinching the skin to form a
“tent” and inserting a short
needle into the adipose tissue
of the subcutaneous tissue; insulin injection
Subcutaneous injection
42
inserting a long needle at a 90- degree angle to the skin into a muscle deep to the subcutaneous tissue; used for vaccines and certain antibiotics
Intramuscular injection
43
group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color
Melanin
44
Most melanin molecules are brown to black pigments, but some are yellowish or reddish. True or False
True
45
produces melanin; irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the epithelial cells of the deep part of the epidermis
Melanocytes
46
Within melanocytes, the Golgi apparatuses package melanin into vesicles called ________
melanosomes
47
a recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin; fair skin, white hair, unpigmented irises in the eyes
Albinism
48
decrease in the blood O2 content produces a bluish color of the skin
Cyanosis
49
yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots; the large amount is consumed, skin can become yellowish
Carotene
50
Attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle and supplies the skin with blood vessels and nerves
Subcutaneous tissue
51
Subcutaneous tissue is also known as __________
hypodermis
52
Reticular tissue in the subcutaneous tissue functions as padding and insulation. True or False
False - adipose
53
the subcutaneous tissue is can be used to estimate total body fat. True or False
True
54
Men have higher total body fat. True or False
False - Women
55
The acceptable percentage of fat for females
21-30%
56
The acceptable percentage of fat for males
13-25%
57
invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis
CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle
Hair follicle
58
protrudes above the surface of the skin
CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle
Shaft
59
below the surface
CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle
Root
60
expanded base of
the root
CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle
Hair bulb
61
A hair has a _________ which surrounds a softer center, the _______
CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle
hard cortex, medulla
62
Cortex is covered by the ________ , single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle
CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle
cuticle
63
extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb
CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle
Hair papilla
64
Hair is produced in the hair bulb, rests on the hair papilla. True or false
True
65
Blood vessels in the hair follicle supply the hair bulb with the nourishment needed to produce the hair. True or False
False - Blood vessels in the papilla
66
During the growth stage, hair is formed by epithelial cells within the hair bulb. True or False
True
67
the hair root and shaft consist of columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells. True or False
True
68
During the resting stage, growth stops, and the hair is held in the hair bulb. True or False
False - hair follicle
69
Eyelashes grow for about 50 days and rest for 100 days. True or False
False - Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and rest for 105 days
70
scalp hairs grow for 3 years and rest for 1–2 years. True or False
True
71
Associated with each hair follicle are smooth muscle cells called _____________
arrector pili
72
Contraction of the arrector pili causes the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin’s surface, or to “stand on end,” and it produces a raised area of skin called a _________.
goosebump
73
major glands of the skin are:
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat gland
True or False
True
74
simple branched acinar glands that produce sebum
Sebaceous glands
75
an oily, white substance rich in lipids
sebum
76
sebum is released by _______ secretion
Holocrine
77
simple, coiled, tubular glands and release sweat by merocrine secretion
eccrine sweat glands
78
simple, coiled, tubular glands that produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances
apocrine sweat glands
79
They open into hair follicles, but only in the armpits and genitalia.
apocrine sweat glands
80
located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in the palms and soles
eccrine sweat glands
81
become active at puberty because of the influence of sex hormones
apocrine sweat glands
82
They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts.
eccrine sweat glands
83
The organic secretion, which is essentially odorless when released, is quickly broken down by bacteria into substances responsible for what is commonly known as body odor
apocrine sweat glands
84
Thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard type of keratin
CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix
Nails
85
The visible part of the nail is the __________
CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix
nail body
86
the part of the nail covered by skin is the _________
CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix
nail root
87
stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body
CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix
cuticle or eponychium
88
The nail root extends distally from the ________
CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix
nail matrix
89
The nail also attaches to the underlying ________, which is located distal to the nail matrix
CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix
nail bed
90
The nail matrix is thicker than the nail bed and produces most of the nail. True or False
True
91
small part of the nail matrix and can be seen through the nail body as a whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail
lunula
92
Like hair, nails also grow continuously and have a resting stage. True or False
False - nails grow continuously and do not have a resting stage
93
Intact skin plays an important role in reducing water loss because its lipids act as a barrier to the diffusion of water from the deeper tissues of the body to the surface o the epidermis. True or False
True
94
Skin acts as a barrier that prevent ________ and ___________ from entering the body.
microorganisms, other foreign substances
95
Secretions from skin glands also produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms. True or False
True
96
Stratified __________ epithelium of the skin protects underlying structures against abrasion
squamous
97
_______ absorbs ultraviolet light and protects underlying structures from its damaging effects
Melanin
98
Hair provides protection in several ways: hair on the head acts as a cold insulator, eyebrow keeps sweat out of the eye, eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign objects, hair in the nose and ears prevents the entry of dust and other materials. True or False
False - heat
99
Nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense. True or False
True
100
Receptors in the _________ and ________ can detect pain, heat, cold, and pressure
epidermis and dermis
101
Sensory receptors around the _________ can detect the movement of a hair
hair follicle
102
When skin is exposed to ultraviolet light, a precursor molecule of __________ is formed
Vitamin D
103
Normal body temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
104
Regulation of body temperature is important because the rate of chemical reactions within the body can be increased or decreased by changes in body tempt. True or False
True
105
If body tempt begins to rise above normal, heat can be conserved by the constriction of dermal blood vessels, which reduces blood flow to the skin. True or False
False - drop below
106
Skin temperature drop below about 15°C, dermal blood vessels ________
dilate
107
Removal of waste products from the body
excretion
108
Sweat glands play a significant role in the excretion of waste products. True or False
False - it doesn't play a significant role
109
Indication of impaired circulatory or respiratory function
Cyanosis
110
yellowish skin color
Jaundice
111
_________ is damaged by a disease such as viral hepatitis that causes jaundice
Liver
112
__________ in the skin can be symptoms of problems elsewhere in the body
Rashes and lesion
113
Condition of the skin, hair, and nails is not affected by nutritional status. True or False
True
114
injury to a tissue caused by heat, chemicals, radiation
| cold, friction, electricity
Burn
115
burns are classified according to their depth. True or False
True
116
part of the stratum basale remains viable
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Partial-thickness burns
117
only the epidermis and are red and painful
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
First-degree burns
118
damages both the epidermis and the dermis
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Second-degree burns
119
regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area, as well as from the edges of the burn
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Partial-thickness burns
120
Slight edema, or swelling, may be present
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
First-degree burns
121
If dermal damage is minimal – redness, pain, edema, and blisters and heals within 2 weeks and no scarring results
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Second-degree burns
122
If the burn goes deep into the dermis – the wound appears red, tan, or white and healing may take several months and might leave a scar
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Second-degree burns
123
epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
124
Caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very hot or very cold objects
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
First-degree burns
125
Painless because sensory receptors in the epidermis and dermis have been destroyed
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
126
Skin grafts are often performed
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
127
Heal without scarring in about a week
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
First-degree burns
128
Surrounded by areas of first- and second-degree burns
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
129
Epidermis, including the stratum basale where stem cells are found, is damaged
CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns
Second-degree burns
130
Most common type of cancer
skin cancer
131
most frequent type and begins with cells in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis to produce an open ulcer; can be removed by surgery or radiation therapy
Basal cell carcinoma
132
develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale, cells continue to divide as they produce keratin and if untreated, the tumor can invade the dermis, metastasize, and cause death
Squamous cell carcinoma
133
rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole
Malignant melanoma
134
Nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the epidermis
Squamous cell carcinoma
135
Melanoma can appear as a large, flat, spreading lesion or as a deeply pigmented nodule and often fatal
CHOICES:
Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma
Malignant melanoma
136
aggregation of melanocytes
Mole
137
Tanning of the skin
CHOICES:
UVA, UVB
UVA
138
causes most burning of the skin
CHOICES:
UVA, UVB
UVB
139
Development of malignant melanoma
CHOICES:
UVA, UVB
UVA
140
Development of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas
CHOICES:
UVA, UVB
UVB
141
Freckles are caused by increased melanin production. True or False
True
142
Skin exposed to sunlight shows signs of aging more rapidly. True or False
True
