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AnaPhy > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

consists of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands, and nails.

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

The appearance of the integumentary system can indicate physiological imbalances in the body. True or False

A

True

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3
Q

most superficial layer of skin

A

epidermis

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4
Q

a layer of dense connective tissue

A

dermis

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5
Q

on average the dermis is 10 to 20 times thicker than the epidermis. True or False

A

True

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6
Q

dermis prevents water loss and resists abrasion. True or False

A

False - epidermis

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7
Q

skin rests on the __________ tissue, which is a layer of connective tissue.

A

subcutaneous

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8
Q

The subcutaneous tissue is a part of the skin, and it connects the skin to the underlying muscle or bone. True or False

A

False - not part of the skin

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9
Q

The epidermis is a stratified cuboidal epithelium. True or False

A

False - stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

In the deepest layers of the epidermis, new cells are produced by mitosis. True or False

A

True

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11
Q

During movement, cells change shape and chemical composition, a process called ____________

A

keratinization

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12
Q

Cells become filled with protein ____________ , which makes them more rigid and durable

A

keratin

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13
Q

Distinct layers called ___________ , can be seen in the epidermis

A

strata

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14
Q

Deepest stratum and consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic divisions about every 19 days

A

stratum basale

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15
Q

How many days does it take for the cells to be pushed toward the surface?

A

40-56 days

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16
Q

most superficial stratum of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum

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17
Q

The stratum corneum is coated and surrounded by proteins. True or False

A

False - Lipids

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18
Q

stratum granulosum is consists of 25 or more layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin joined by desmosomes. True or False

A

False - Stratum corneum

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19
Q

Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the surface is called ___________

A

dandruff

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20
Q

In skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a thickened area called a __________

A

callus

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21
Q

Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called a ___________

A

corn

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22
Q

multilayer of distorted (spine cells)

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum spinosum

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23
Q

This layer has plenty of protein granules

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum granulosum

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24
Q

a thin layer and found only on thick skin (palm and sole)

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum lucidum

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25
Q

it looks spiky under the microscope

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum spinosum

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26
Q

allows keratinocytes to mature

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum spinosum

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27
Q

allows light to pass through

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum lucidum

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28
Q

the cells are already dead but keratinized when they reach this layer

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum granulosum

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29
Q

part of stratum corneum

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum lucidum

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30
Q

anucleated cells

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum corneum

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31
Q

stratum germinativum

CHOICES:
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A

stratum basale

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32
Q

Dense collagenous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages

A

dermis

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33
Q

Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis. True or False

A

True

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34
Q

Collagen fibers are oriented in

some directions than the others, producing _________

A

cleavage lines

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35
Q

physicians make an incision parallel with the cleavage lines to lessen the gap and produce less scar tissue. True or False

A

True

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36
Q

the skin is most resistant to stretch along these lines

A

cleavage lines or tension lines

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37
Q

If the skin is overstretched for any reason, the dermis can be damaged, leaving lines that are visible through the epidermis. These lines are called ______

A

stretch marks

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38
Q

projections that extend toward the epidermis

A

dermal papillae

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39
Q 
Contain many blood
vessels; supplies the
overlying epidermis with nutrients, removes waste
products, and help
regulate body temperate
A

dermal papillae

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40
Q

drawing the skin taut and inserting a small needle at a shallow angle into the dermis; tuberculin skin test

A

Intradermal injection

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41
Q

pinching the skin to form a
“tent” and inserting a short
needle into the adipose tissue
of the subcutaneous tissue; insulin injection

A

Subcutaneous injection

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42
Q

inserting a long needle at a 90- degree angle to the skin into a muscle deep to the subcutaneous tissue; used for vaccines and certain antibiotics

A

Intramuscular injection

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43
Q

group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color

A

Melanin

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44
Q

Most melanin molecules are brown to black pigments, but some are yellowish or reddish. True or False

A

True

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45
Q

produces melanin; irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the epithelial cells of the deep part of the epidermis

A

Melanocytes

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46
Q

Within melanocytes, the Golgi apparatuses package melanin into vesicles called ________

A

melanosomes

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47
Q

a recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin; fair skin, white hair, unpigmented irises in the eyes

A

Albinism

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48
Q

decrease in the blood O2 content produces a bluish color of the skin

A

Cyanosis

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49
Q

yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots; the large amount is consumed, skin can become yellowish

A

Carotene

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50
Q

Attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle and supplies the skin with blood vessels and nerves

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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51
Q

Subcutaneous tissue is also known as __________

A

hypodermis

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52
Q

Reticular tissue in the subcutaneous tissue functions as padding and insulation. True or False

A

False - adipose

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53
Q

the subcutaneous tissue is can be used to estimate total body fat. True or False

A

True

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54
Q

Men have higher total body fat. True or False

A

False - Women

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55
Q

The acceptable percentage of fat for females

A

21-30%

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56
Q

The acceptable percentage of fat for males

A

13-25%

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57
Q

invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis

CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle

A

Hair follicle

58
Q

protrudes above the surface of the skin

CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle

A

Shaft

59
Q

below the surface

CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle

A

Root

60
Q

expanded base of
the root

CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle

A

Hair bulb

61
Q

A hair has a _________ which surrounds a softer center, the _______

CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle

A

hard cortex, medulla

62
Q

Cortex is covered by the ________ , single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle

CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle

A

cuticle

63
Q

extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb

CHOICES:
Hair follicle, Shaft, Root, Hair bulb, Hair papilla, hard cortex, medulla, cuticle

A

Hair papilla

64
Q

Hair is produced in the hair bulb, rests on the hair papilla. True or false

A

True

65
Q

Blood vessels in the hair follicle supply the hair bulb with the nourishment needed to produce the hair. True or False

A

False - Blood vessels in the papilla

66
Q

During the growth stage, hair is formed by epithelial cells within the hair bulb. True or False

A

True

67
Q

the hair root and shaft consist of columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells. True or False

A

True

68
Q

During the resting stage, growth stops, and the hair is held in the hair bulb. True or False

A

False - hair follicle

69
Q

Eyelashes grow for about 50 days and rest for 100 days. True or False

A

False - Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and rest for 105 days

70
Q

scalp hairs grow for 3 years and rest for 1–2 years. True or False

A

True

71
Q

Associated with each hair follicle are smooth muscle cells called _____________

A

arrector pili

72
Q

Contraction of the arrector pili causes the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin’s surface, or to “stand on end,” and it produces a raised area of skin called a _________.

A

goosebump

73
Q

major glands of the skin are:

  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat gland

True or False

A

True

74
Q

simple branched acinar glands that produce sebum

A

Sebaceous glands

75
Q

an oily, white substance rich in lipids

A

sebum

76
Q

sebum is released by _______ secretion

A

Holocrine

77
Q

simple, coiled, tubular glands and release sweat by merocrine secretion

A

eccrine sweat glands

78
Q

simple, coiled, tubular glands that produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances

A

apocrine sweat glands

79
Q

They open into hair follicles, but only in the armpits and genitalia.

A

apocrine sweat glands

80
Q

located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in the palms and soles

A

eccrine sweat glands

81
Q

become active at puberty because of the influence of sex hormones

A

apocrine sweat glands

82
Q

They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts.

A

eccrine sweat glands

83
Q

The organic secretion, which is essentially odorless when released, is quickly broken down by bacteria into substances responsible for what is commonly known as body odor

A

apocrine sweat glands

84
Q

Thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard type of keratin

CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix

A

Nails

85
Q

The visible part of the nail is the __________

CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix

A

nail body

86
Q

the part of the nail covered by skin is the _________

CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix

A

nail root

87
Q

stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body

CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix

A

cuticle or eponychium

88
Q

The nail root extends distally from the ________

CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix

A

nail matrix

89
Q

The nail also attaches to the underlying ________, which is located distal to the nail matrix

CHOICES:
nail root, nails, nail bed, cuticle or eponychium, nail body, nail matrix

A

nail bed

90
Q

The nail matrix is thicker than the nail bed and produces most of the nail. True or False

A

True

91
Q

small part of the nail matrix and can be seen through the nail body as a whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail

A

lunula

92
Q

Like hair, nails also grow continuously and have a resting stage. True or False

A

False - nails grow continuously and do not have a resting stage

93
Q

Intact skin plays an important role in reducing water loss because its lipids act as a barrier to the diffusion of water from the deeper tissues of the body to the surface o the epidermis. True or False

A

True

94
Q

Skin acts as a barrier that prevent ________ and ___________ from entering the body.

A

microorganisms, other foreign substances

95
Q

Secretions from skin glands also produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms. True or False

A

True

96
Q

Stratified __________ epithelium of the skin protects underlying structures against abrasion

A

squamous

97
Q

_______ absorbs ultraviolet light and protects underlying structures from its damaging effects

A

Melanin

98
Q

Hair provides protection in several ways: hair on the head acts as a cold insulator, eyebrow keeps sweat out of the eye, eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign objects, hair in the nose and ears prevents the entry of dust and other materials. True or False

A

False - heat

99
Q

Nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense. True or False

A

True

100
Q

Receptors in the _________ and ________ can detect pain, heat, cold, and pressure

A

epidermis and dermis

101
Q

Sensory receptors around the _________ can detect the movement of a hair

A

hair follicle

102
Q

When skin is exposed to ultraviolet light, a precursor molecule of __________ is formed

A

Vitamin D

103
Q

Normal body temperature

A

37°C (98.6°F)

104
Q

Regulation of body temperature is important because the rate of chemical reactions within the body can be increased or decreased by changes in body tempt. True or False

A

True

105
Q

If body tempt begins to rise above normal, heat can be conserved by the constriction of dermal blood vessels, which reduces blood flow to the skin. True or False

A

False - drop below

106
Q

Skin temperature drop below about 15°C, dermal blood vessels ________

A

dilate

107
Q

Removal of waste products from the body

A

excretion

108
Q

Sweat glands play a significant role in the excretion of waste products. True or False

A

False - it doesn’t play a significant role

109
Q

Indication of impaired circulatory or respiratory function

A

Cyanosis

110
Q

yellowish skin color

A

Jaundice

111
Q

_________ is damaged by a disease such as viral hepatitis that causes jaundice

A

Liver

112
Q

__________ in the skin can be symptoms of problems elsewhere in the body

A

Rashes and lesion

113
Q

Condition of the skin, hair, and nails is not affected by nutritional status. True or False

A

True

114
Q

injury to a tissue caused by heat, chemicals, radiation

cold, friction, electricity

A

Burn

115
Q

burns are classified according to their depth. True or False

A

True

116
Q

part of the stratum basale remains viable

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Partial-thickness burns

117
Q

only the epidermis and are red and painful

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

First-degree burns

118
Q

damages both the epidermis and the dermis

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Second-degree burns

119
Q

regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area, as well as from the edges of the burn

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Partial-thickness burns

120
Q

Slight edema, or swelling, may be present

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

First-degree burns

121
Q

If dermal damage is minimal – redness, pain, edema, and blisters and heals within 2 weeks and no scarring results

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Second-degree burns

122
Q

If the burn goes deep into the dermis – the wound appears red, tan, or white and healing may take several months and might leave a scar

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Second-degree burns

123
Q

epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

124
Q

Caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very hot or very cold objects

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

First-degree burns

125
Q

Painless because sensory receptors in the epidermis and dermis have been destroyed

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

126
Q

Skin grafts are often performed

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

127
Q

Heal without scarring in about a week

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

First-degree burns

128
Q

Surrounded by areas of first- and second-degree burns

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

129
Q

Epidermis, including the stratum basale where stem cells are found, is damaged

CHOICES:
Partial-thickness burns, First-degree burns, Second-degree burns, Full-thickness burns/third-degree burns

A

Second-degree burns

130
Q

Most common type of cancer

A

skin cancer

131
Q

most frequent type and begins with cells in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis to produce an open ulcer; can be removed by surgery or radiation therapy

A

Basal cell carcinoma

132
Q

develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale, cells continue to divide as they produce keratin and if untreated, the tumor can invade the dermis, metastasize, and cause death

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

133
Q

rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole

A

Malignant melanoma

134
Q

Nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the epidermis

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

135
Q

Melanoma can appear as a large, flat, spreading lesion or as a deeply pigmented nodule and often fatal

CHOICES:
Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma

A

Malignant melanoma

136
Q

aggregation of melanocytes

A

Mole

137
Q

Tanning of the skin

CHOICES:
UVA, UVB

A

UVA

138
Q

causes most burning of the skin

CHOICES:
UVA, UVB

A

UVB

139
Q

Development of malignant melanoma

CHOICES:
UVA, UVB

A

UVA

140
Q

Development of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas

CHOICES:
UVA, UVB

A

UVB

141
Q

Freckles are caused by increased melanin production. True or False

A

True

142
Q

Skin exposed to sunlight shows signs of aging more rapidly. True or False

A

True

AnaPhy (18 decks)

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