Chapter 1 - The Human Organism Flashcards by Angelica Cejas

Q

the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.

A

Anatomy

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Q

the study of the organization of the body by areas.

A

Regional anatomy

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Q

Regional anatomy is the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skel- etal, and muscular systems.

A

False (Systemic Anatomy)

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Q

the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures

A

Surface Anatomy

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Q

the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.

A

Physiology

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Q

What level of organization involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

A

Chemical level

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Q

when molecules combine it form the _____ level of organization

A

Cell

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Q

The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue. True or False

A

True

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Q

What level of organization when two or more tissue types together perform one or more common functions

A

Organ level

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Q

a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions

A

Organ system

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Q

The coordinated activity of the organ systems is not necessary for normal function. True or False

A

False

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Q

any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

A

organism

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Q

It refers to the specific relationship of
the many individual parts of an organism, from cell organelles to organs, interacting and working together.

CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction

A

Organization

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Q

The ability of an organism to detect changes in its environment and make the necessary adjustments to ensure its survival.

CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction

A

Responsiveness

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Q

The ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction

A

Metabolism

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Q

Involves the evolution of an organism over time.

CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction

A

Development

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Q

It refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism. It can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.

CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction

A

Growth

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Q

The formation of new cells or organisms

CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction

A

Reproduction

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Q

Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction

A

Differentiation

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Q

conditions that values are changeable

A

Variables

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Q

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environ- ment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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Q

________ maintains the body temperature near an average normal value

A

Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Q

As long as body temperatures remain within the normal range, homeostasis is maintained. True or False

A

True

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Q

which mechanism mostly regulate most systems of the body. It also means “to decrease”

A

Negative-feedback mechanisms

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This occurs when initial stimulus further stimulates the response

Positive-feedback mechanisms

The maintenance of normal body temperature is an example of a ______ mechanism.

negative-feedback

It determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable

Control center

It monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli

Receptor

It can change the value of the variable when directed by the control center

Effector

__________ acts to return the variable to its | normal range

Negative feedback

This type of response is required to re-achieve homeostasis

Positive feedback

Birth is another example of a normally occurring negative- feedback mechanism. True or False

False (Positive-feedback)

During a severe blood loss, a chemical responsible for clot formation stimulates the production of itself. What kind of feedback is this?

Positive feedback

Refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

Anatomical Position

Supine is when lying face downward. True or False

False (Prone)

Dorsal means back and is synonymous with posterior. True or False.

True

the nose is _____ to the forehead

inferior

The mouth is _____ to the chin.

superior

Anterior means toward the front of the body. True or False

True

The brain is __________ to the eyes.

posterior

The teeth are_______ to the throat.

anterior

The spine is _________ to the breastbone.

dorsal

The navel is _______ to the spine.

ventral

Proximal and distal are can only be used when pertaining to linear structures such as the limbs. True or False

True

The shoulder is ______ to the elbow.

proximal

The ankle is _______ to the hip.

distal

The nipple is _________ to the breastbone.

lateral

The bridge of the nose is _________ to the eye.

medial

The skin is _______ to muscle.

superficial

The lungs are ________ to the ribs.

deep

The knuckles are ______ to the elbow.

distal

The eye is ______ the ear.

medial

What are the four quadrants within the abdomen?

right-upper, left-upper, right-lower, and left-lower quadrants.

Clinicians don't use the quadrants or regions as reference points for locating the underlying organs. True or False

False

The stomach and spleen can be found in the _________ region

left hypochondriac and epigastric

The rectum is found in the _____ region

hypogastric

A pain in the right-lower quadrant may indicate _________

Acute appendicitis since the appendix is located there

The cisterna chyli is can be found in _______ region

umbilical

What are the nine abdominal regions?

right hipochondrium - epigastrium - left hipochondrium right lumbar - umbilical - left lumbar right inguinal - hypogastrium - left inguinal

__________ plane runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts

Sagittal

Mid-sagittal is when the cut is made vertically while the Parasagittal is in the midline. True or False

False ( Mid-sagittal is in the midline)

It divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Transverse plane

It divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Frontal or Coronal plane

A cut along the length of the organ

Longitudinal section

A cut is made diagonally across the long axis

Oblique section

It divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts

Mediastinum

Parietal serous membrane lines the inner surface. True or False.

False (Visceral)

It anchors the organs to the body wall and provides a pathway for nerves and blood ves- sels to reach the organs.

Mesenteries