Chapter 1 - The Human Organism Flashcards
the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
Anatomy
the study of the organization of the body by areas.
Regional anatomy
Regional anatomy is the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skel- etal, and muscular systems.
False (Systemic Anatomy)
the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures
Surface Anatomy
the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
Physiology
What level of organization involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.
Chemical level
when molecules combine it form the _____ level of organization
Cell
The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue. True or False
True
What level of organization when two or more tissue types together perform one or more common functions
Organ level
a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
Organ system
The coordinated activity of the organ systems is not necessary for normal function. True or False
False
any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
organism
It refers to the specific relationship of
the many individual parts of an organism, from cell organelles to organs, interacting and working together.
CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction
Organization
The ability of an organism to detect changes in its environment and make the necessary adjustments to ensure its survival.
CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction
Responsiveness
The ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.
CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction
Metabolism
Involves the evolution of an organism over time.
CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction
Development
It refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism. It can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.
CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction
Growth
The formation of new cells or organisms
CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction
Reproduction
Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
CHOICES:
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Reproduction
Differentiation
conditions that values are changeable
Variables
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environ- ment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment
Homeostasis
________ maintains the body temperature near an average normal value
Homeostatic Mechanisms
As long as body temperatures remain within the normal range, homeostasis is maintained. True or False
True
which mechanism mostly regulate most systems of the body. It also means “to decrease”
Negative-feedback mechanisms
This occurs when initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive-feedback mechanisms
The maintenance of normal body temperature is an example of a ______ mechanism.
negative-feedback
It determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
Control center
It monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli
Receptor
It can change the value of the variable when directed by the control center
Effector
__________ acts to return the variable to its
normal range
Negative feedback
This type of response is required to re-achieve homeostasis
Positive feedback
Birth is another example of a normally occurring negative- feedback mechanism. True or False
False (Positive-feedback)
During a severe blood loss, a chemical responsible for clot formation stimulates the production of itself. What kind of feedback is this?
Positive feedback
Refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Anatomical Position
Supine is when lying face downward. True or False
False (Prone)
Dorsal means back and is synonymous with posterior. True or False.
True
the nose is _____ to the forehead
inferior
The mouth is _____ to the chin.
superior
Anterior means toward the front of the body. True or False
True
The brain is __________ to the eyes.
posterior
The teeth are_______ to the throat.
anterior
The spine is _________ to the breastbone.
dorsal
The navel is _______ to the spine.
ventral
Proximal and distal are can only be used when pertaining to linear structures such as the limbs. True or False
True
The shoulder is ______ to the elbow.
proximal
The ankle is _______ to the hip.
distal
The nipple is _________ to the breastbone.
lateral
The bridge of the nose is _________ to the eye.
medial
The skin is _______ to muscle.
superficial
The lungs are ________ to the ribs.
deep
The knuckles are ______ to the elbow.
distal
The eye is ______ the ear.
medial
What are the four quadrants within the abdomen?
right-upper, left-upper, right-lower, and left-lower quadrants.
Clinicians don’t use the quadrants or regions as reference points for locating the underlying organs. True or False
False
The stomach and spleen can be found in the _________ region
left hypochondriac and epigastric
The rectum is found in the _____ region
hypogastric
A pain in the right-lower quadrant may indicate _________
Acute appendicitis since the appendix is located there
The cisterna chyli is can be found in _______ region
umbilical
What are the nine abdominal regions?
right hipochondrium - epigastrium - left hipochondrium
right lumbar - umbilical - left lumbar
right inguinal - hypogastrium - left inguinal
__________ plane runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts
Sagittal
Mid-sagittal is when the cut is made vertically while the Parasagittal is in the midline. True or False
False ( Mid-sagittal is in the midline)
It divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
Transverse plane
It divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal or Coronal plane
A cut along the length of the organ
Longitudinal section
A cut is made diagonally across the long axis
Oblique section
It divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts
Mediastinum
Parietal serous membrane lines the inner surface. True or False.
False (Visceral)
It anchors the organs to the body wall and provides a pathway for nerves and blood ves- sels to reach the organs.
Mesenteries
