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AnaPhy > Chapter 14 - Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body

A

pathogen

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2
Q

About 30 liters (L) of fluid pass from the blood capillaries into the interstitial spaces each day, whereas only _______ pass from the interstitial spaces back into the blood capillaries

A

27 L

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3
Q

Once inside the lymphatic capillaries, this fluid is called _____ and it passes through the lymphatic vessels to return tothe blood.

A

lymph

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4
Q

tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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5
Q

Lymphatic capillaries and vessels carries fluid in one direction, from tissues to the circulatory system. True or False

A

True

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6
Q

Lymphatic vessels are present in most tissues of the body except the CNS, bone marrow, tissue lacking vessels, such as the epidermis and cartilage. True or False

A

False - lymphatic capillaries

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7
Q

it resemble small veins and formed when lymphatic capillaries join together

A

Lymphatic vessels

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8
Q

A lymphatic vessel has a ________ to prevent the backward movement of lymph

A

valve

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9
Q

Contraction of the surrounding
skeletal muscle during activity, Periodic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall, and pressure changes in the thorax during breathing

A

Three (3) factors that causes compression of the lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest, and empties into the right subclavian vein

A

Right lymphatic duct

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11
Q

Lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body enter the _________, which empties into the left subclavian vein.

A

thoracic duct

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12
Q

the tonsils, the lymph nodes, the spleen, and the thymus

A

lymphatic organs

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13
Q

characterized by housing many lymphocytes and other defense cells, such as macrophages

A

Lymphatic tissue

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14
Q

The lymphocytes originate from yellow bone marrow and are carried by the blood to lymphatic organs. True or False

A

False - red bone marrow

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15
Q

The increased number of lymphocytes is part of the immune response that causes the destruction of pathogens. True or False

A

True

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16
Q

located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity

CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil

A

palatine tonsils

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17
Q

located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity

CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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18
Q

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil

A

adenoids

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19
Q

tonsil that is found on the posterior surface of the tongue

CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil

A

lingual tonsil

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20
Q

the ones usually referred to as “the tonsils.”

CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil

A

palatine tonsils

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21
Q

removal of the pharyngeal tonsils

CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil

A

tonsillectomy

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22
Q

removal of the palatine tonsil

CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil

A

adenoidectomy

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23
Q

The palatine tonsil becomes infected less often than the other tonsils and is more difficult to remove. True or False

A

False - lingual tonsil

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24
Q

rounded structures, varying from the size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

Lymph nodes

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25
Q

Lymph nodes in the groin

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

inguinal nodes

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26
Q

Lymph nodes in the axilla (armpit)

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

axillary nodes

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27
Q

Lymph nodes in the neck

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

cervical nodes

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28
Q

distributed along the various lymphatic vessels

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

Lymph nodes

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29
Q

A dense connective tissue _______ surrounds each lymph node

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

capsule

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30
Q

Extensions of the capsule, called ________, subdivide a lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses.

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

trabeculae

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31
Q

The lymphatic tissue consists of lymphocytes and other cells that can form dense aggregations of tissue called _________.

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

lymphatic nodules

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32
Q

spaces between the lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages on a network of fibers.

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

Lymphatic sinuses

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33
Q

areas of tissue within lymph nodes and other organs as well

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

lymphatic nodules

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34
Q

Lymph enters the lymph node through ________

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

afferent vessels

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35
Q

The lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes are called _______

CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers

A

germinal centers

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36
Q

roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

spleen

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37
Q

________ is a lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen.

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

White pulp

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38
Q

_______ is associated with the veins.

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

Red pulp

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39
Q

It consists of a fibrous network, filled with macrophages and red blood cells, and enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins.

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

Red pulp

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40
Q

Lymphocytes in the white pulp can be stimulated in the same manner as in lymph nodes. True or False

A

True

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41
Q

Before blood leaves the spleen through veins, it passes through the white pulp. True or False

A

False - red pulp

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42
Q

functions as a blood reservoir

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

spleen

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43
Q

removal of the spleen

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

splenectomy

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44
Q

A bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape. It is located in the superior mediastinum, the partition dividing the thoracic cavity into left and right parts.

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

Thymus

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45
Q

Near the capsule and trabeculae, lymphocytes are numerous and form dark-staining areas called the _____

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

cortex

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46
Q

A lighter-staining, central portion of the lobules, called the _______, has a fewer lymphocytes

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

medulla

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47
Q

The thymus is the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called _______

CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells

A

T Cells

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48
Q

Large numbers of T cells are produced in the thymus, but most degenerate. True or False

A

True

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49
Q

Lymphatic capillaries and vessels remove fluid from tissues and absorb lipids from the large intestine. True or False

A

False - small intestine

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50
Q

Lymph nodules filter lymph, and the spleen filters blood. True or False

A

False - Lymph nodules filter lymph

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51
Q

Cells that originate and mature in red bone marrow

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

B Cells

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52
Q

Produced in red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus, where they mature

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

Pre-T Cells

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53
Q

responsible for much of immunity

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

B cells and T cells

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54
Q

the ability to resist damage from pathogens

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

Immunity

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55
Q

also as called nonspecific resistance

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

innate immunity

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56
Q

also as called specific immunity

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

adaptive immunity

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57
Q

the body recognizes and destroys certain pathogens, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

innate immunity

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58
Q

the body recognizes and destroys pathogens, but the response to them improves each time the pathogen is encountered.

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

adaptive immunity

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59
Q

the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

Specificity

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60
Q

the ability of adaptive immunity to “remember” previous encounters with a particular substance.

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

Memory

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61
Q

each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same because specificity and memory of previous encounters are not present.

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

innate immunity

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62
Q

the response during the second exposure to the samebacteria is faster and stronger than the response to the first exposure because the immune system exhibits memory for the bacteria from the first exposure.

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

adaptive immunity

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63
Q

When the bacteria are destroyed before any symptoms develop, and the person is said to be ________

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

immune

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64
Q

Accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, WBCs, and the inflammatory response

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

innate immunity

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65
Q

Exhibits specificity and memory

CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune

A

adaptive immunity

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66
Q

Pathogens cannot cause a disease if they cannot get into the body. True or False

A

True

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67
Q

The skin and mucous membranes form barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens and chemicals

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Physical barriers

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68
Q

molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Chemical mediators

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69
Q

a group of more than 20 proteins found in plasma

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Complement

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70
Q

proteins that protect the body
against viral infections

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Interferons

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71
Q

the most important cellular components of immunity

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

White blood cells

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72
Q

tears, saliva, and urine wash pathogens and chemicals from body surfaces.

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Physical barriers

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73
Q

lysozyme in tears and saliva kills certain bacteria, what type of innate immunity is this?

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Chemical mediators

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74
Q

they bind to the surface of neighboring cells, where they stimulate those cells to produce antiviral proteins.

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Interferons

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75
Q

response to injury involves many of the chemicals and cells

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Inflammatory response

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76
Q

circulate in the blood in an inactive form and can be activated by combining with foreign substances, such as parts of a bacterial cell, or by combining with antibodies

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Complement

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77
Q

it can be can be local or systemic

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Inflammatory response

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78
Q

produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue and released into the blood

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

White blood cells

79
Q

some of it plays a role in activating immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Interferons

80
Q

mucus on the mucous membranes prevents the entry of some pathogens, what type of innate immunity is this?

CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement

A

Chemical mediators

81
Q

The movement of white blood cells towards chemicals is called _____

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

chemotaxis

82
Q

the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Phagocytosis

83
Q

usually the first white blood cells to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Neutrophils

84
Q

monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge about fivefold

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Macrophages

85
Q

accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at a site of infection.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Pus

86
Q

type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow, and they account for up to 15% of lymphocytes.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

87
Q

derived from red bone marrow, are motile white blood cells that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Basophils

88
Q

also derived from red bone marrow, are nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially near capillaries

A

Mast cells

89
Q

participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Eosinophils

90
Q

They release chemical signals that increase the inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Neutrophils

91
Q

macrophages in the lungs

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

dust cells

92
Q

macrophages in the liver

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

kupffer cells

93
Q

macrophages in the CNS

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

microglia

94
Q

can ingest more and larger items than can neutrophils

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Macrophages

95
Q

use a variety of methods to kill their target cells, including releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes and cause the cells to lyse.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

96
Q

Like macrophages, ______ are located at points where pathogens may enter the body, such as the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

mast cells

97
Q

recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus infected cells, in general, rather than specific tumor cells or cells infected by a specific virus.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

98
Q

an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Local inflammation

99
Q

an inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Systemic inflammation

100
Q

Symptoms include redness, heat, and swelling due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability, as well as pain caused by swelling and by chemical mediators acting on pain receptors.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Local inflammation

101
Q

chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells, stimulate fever production

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

Pyrogens

102
Q

In severe cases of _________, vascular permeability can increase so much that large amounts of fluid are lost from the blood into the tissues.

CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens

A

systemic inflammation

103
Q

Fever is not beneficial because it doesn’t promotes the activities of the immune system, such as phagocytosis, and inhibits the growth of some microorganisms. True or False

A

False - Fever is beneficial because it promotes the activities of the immune system, such as phagocytosis, and inhibits the growth of some microorganisms.

104
Q

substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

Antigens

105
Q

introduced from outside the body

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

Foreign antigens

106
Q

Pollen, animal hairs, foods, and drugs can cause an ______ because they are foreign antigens that produce an overreaction of the immune system

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

allergic reaction,

107
Q

Microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, and chemicals released by microorganisms are examples of _______ antigens.

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

foreign

108
Q

molecules the body produces to stimulate an immune system response.

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

Self-antigens

109
Q

results when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

Autoimmune disease

110
Q

involves a group of lymphocytes called B cells and proteins called antibodies

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

111
Q

involves the actions of a second type of lymphocyte, called T cells.

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

Cell-mediated immunity

112
Q

produce the effects of cell-mediated immunity

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells

113
Q

can promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity

CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

A

helper T cells

114
Q

The response to self-antigens can be beneficial. The response to self-antigens can be beneficial. True or False

A

True

115
Q

promotes inflammation and phagocytosis

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

Cytokines

116
Q

give rise to all the blood cells

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

Stem cells

117
Q

small groups of identical B cells or T cells that are form during embryonic development

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

Clones

118
Q

Each clone can respond only to a _______

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

particular antigen

119
Q

When stimulated by an _______, B cells and T cells divide, producing cells that are responsible for the destruction of antigens

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

antigen

120
Q

Among the antigens to which the clones can respond are _________.

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

self-antigens

121
Q

The specialized B-cell or T-cell clones can respond to antigens and produce an ________ immune response.

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

adaptive

122
Q

Lymphocytes have cell membrane proteins, called _________, on their surfaces

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

antigen receptors

123
Q

The antigen receptors on B cells are called __________

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

B-cell receptors

124
Q

The antigen receptors on T cells are called __________

CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines

A

T-cell receptors

125
Q

Activation of the lymphocytes of a particular clone occurs when antigens combine with the antigen receptors of a clone. True or False

A

True

126
Q

Different MHC molecules have different binding sites—that is, they are specific for certain antibodies. True or False

A

False - certain antigens

127
Q

glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

128
Q

different group of receptors found on the membrane of many types of cells.

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

129
Q

found on the membranes of antigen-presenting cells, B lymphocytes, and other defense cells

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

MHC class II molecules

130
Q

found on the membranes of most nucleated cells

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

MHC class I molecules

131
Q

function as “serving trays” that hold and present a processed antigen on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

132
Q

The ____________ is usually only the first signal necessary to produce a response from a B cell or T cell.

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

MHC molecule/antigen combination

133
Q

_________ can be achieved by cytokines, which are proteins or peptides secreted by one cell as a regulator of neighboring cells.

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

Costimulation

134
Q

a cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

interleukin-1

135
Q

The ________ protein is also bound by the virus that causes AIDS

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

CD4

136
Q

Cytotoxic T cells have a glycoprotein called ________, which helps connect cytotoxic T cells to cells displaying MHC class I molecules

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

CD8

137
Q

helper T cells have a glycoprotein called ________, which helps connect helper T cells to the macrophage by bind- ing to MHC class II molecules

CHOICES:
MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
A

CD4

138
Q

an important process that generates the needed defense cells to protect the body.

CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell

A

Lymphocyte proliferation

139
Q

__________ binds to the receptors and stimulates the helper T cell to divide

CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell

A

Interleukin-2

140
Q

__________ begins when a B cell takes in the same kind of antigen that stimulated the helper T cell

CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell

A

B-cell proliferation

141
Q

A _______ is stimulated when it binds to the MHC class II/antigen complex

CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell

A

helper T cell

142
Q

It is important for the number of helper T cells to increase because helper T cells are necessary for the activation of most B cells or T cells. True or False

A

True

143
Q

Most B cells, however, do not respond to antigens without stimulation from cytotoxic T cells. True or False

A

False - helper T Cells

144
Q

Exposure of the body to an antigen can lead to the activation of T cells and the production of antibodies. True or False

A

False - B Cells

145
Q

Y-shaped molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region

A

Antibodies

146
Q

The end of each “arm” of the antibody is the ________

CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region

A

variable region

147
Q

The rest of the antibody

CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region

A

constant region

148
Q

the _________ can activate complement, or it can attach the antibody to cells, such as macrophages, basophils, and mast cells.

CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region

A

constant region

149
Q

This region is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigen.

CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region

A

variable region

150
Q

Antibodies are sometimes called ___________ because they are found mostly in the gamma globulin part of plasma.

CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region

A

gamma globulins

151
Q

Antibodies are also called ____________ because they are globulin proteins involved in immunity

CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

152
Q

The ability of antibodies to join antigens together is the basis for many clinical tests. True or False

A

True

153
Q

Most of the effectiveness of antibodies results from direct effects. True or False

A

False - indirect effects

154
Q

When an antigen combines with the antibody, the variable region triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals from mast cells and basophils. True or False

A

False - constant

155
Q

Decreasing the production or activity of cytokines can suppress the immune system. True or False

A

True

156
Q

The primary response normally takes ________ to produce enough antibodies to be effective against the antigen.

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

3–14 days

157
Q

responsible for the secondary response, or memory response, which occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

Memory B cells

158
Q

The __________ provides better protection than the primary response

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

secondary response

159
Q

the basis of adaptive immunity.

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

Memory cells

160
Q

a function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective against microorganisms that live inside body cells.

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

Cell-mediated immunity

161
Q

also involved with some allergic reactions, the control of tumors, and graft rejection.

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

Cell-mediated immunity

162
Q

Total serum antibody: 80-85

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgG

163
Q

Total serum antibody: 5-10

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgM

164
Q

Total serum antibody: 15

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgA

165
Q

Total serum antibody: 0.002

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgE

166
Q

Total serum antibody: 0.2

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgD

167
Q

Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgE

168
Q

Activates complement and increases phagocytosis, can cross the placenta and provide immune protection to the fetus and newborn, responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgG

169
Q

Activates complement and acts as an antigen- binding receptor on the surface of B cells, responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system, often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgM

170
Q

Secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes to protect body surfaces; found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgA

171
Q

Functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells

CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response

A

IgD

172
Q

essential for fighting viral infections

A

Cell-mediated immunity

173
Q

When viruses infect cells, they direct the cells to make new viruses, which are then released to infect other cells. True or False

A

True

174
Q

Cell-mediated immunity fights viral infections by destroying bacterial infected cells. True or False

A

False - virally

175
Q

Increasing the number of “daughter” helper T cells results in greater stimulation of cytotoxic T cells. True or False

A

True

176
Q

a signal for activating cytotoxic T cells

A

T-cell receptor binding with the MHC class I/antigen complex

177
Q

________ can distinguish between virally infected cells and noninfected cells because the T-cell receptor can bind to the MHC class I/viral antigen complex, which is not present on uninfected cells.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Cytotoxic T cells

178
Q

results when an individual is exposed to an antigen (either naturally or artificially) and the response of the individual’s own immune system is the cause of the immunity

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Active immunity

179
Q

occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Passive immunity

180
Q

a pure antibody preparation that is specific for only one antigen.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

monoclonal antibody

181
Q

occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen. The B cell proliferates to form plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells produce antibodies.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Primary response

182
Q

__________ implies that contact with the antigen or transfer of antibodies occurs as part of everyday living and is not deliberate

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Natural

183
Q

_________ implies that deliberate introduction of an antigen or antibody into the body has occurred.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Artificial

184
Q

__________ results from natural exposure to an antigen, such as a disease-causing microorganism, that stimulates the immune system to respond against the antigen.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Active natural immunity

185
Q

an antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the immune system.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

active artificial immunity

186
Q

vaccination is a sample of _________

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

active artificial immunity

187
Q

usually consists of part of a pathogen, either a dead microorganism or a live, altered one

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

vaccine

188
Q

produces long-lasting immunity without disease symptoms, it is the preferred method of acquiring adaptive immunity.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Active artificial immunity

189
Q

the preferred treatment when not enough time is available for the individual to develop his or her own active immunity

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Passive artificial immunity

190
Q

Because the individual is not immune during the first exposure, he or she usually develops the symptoms of the disease.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Active natural immunity

191
Q

involves the collecting of antibodies from one source and introducing them to an infected individual usually through injection.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Passive artificial immunity

192
Q

provides immediate protection because the antibodies either directly or indirectly destroy the antigen

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Passive artificial immunity

193
Q

results when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her child across the placenta before birth

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

Passive natural immunity

194
Q

Antibodies that provide passive artificial immunity are referred to by the general term ________ because the antibodies are found in serum, which is plasma minus the clotting factors.

CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody

A

antiserum

AnaPhy (18 decks)

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