Chapter 14 - Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards
Any substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body
pathogen
About 30 liters (L) of fluid pass from the blood capillaries into the interstitial spaces each day, whereas only _______ pass from the interstitial spaces back into the blood capillaries
27 L
Once inside the lymphatic capillaries, this fluid is called _____ and it passes through the lymphatic vessels to return tothe blood.
lymph
tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries and vessels carries fluid in one direction, from tissues to the circulatory system. True or False
True
Lymphatic vessels are present in most tissues of the body except the CNS, bone marrow, tissue lacking vessels, such as the epidermis and cartilage. True or False
False - lymphatic capillaries
it resemble small veins and formed when lymphatic capillaries join together
Lymphatic vessels
A lymphatic vessel has a ________ to prevent the backward movement of lymph
valve
Contraction of the surrounding
skeletal muscle during activity, Periodic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall, and pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
Three (3) factors that causes compression of the lymphatic vessels
lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest, and empties into the right subclavian vein
Right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body enter the _________, which empties into the left subclavian vein.
thoracic duct
the tonsils, the lymph nodes, the spleen, and the thymus
lymphatic organs
characterized by housing many lymphocytes and other defense cells, such as macrophages
Lymphatic tissue
The lymphocytes originate from yellow bone marrow and are carried by the blood to lymphatic organs. True or False
False - red bone marrow
The increased number of lymphocytes is part of the immune response that causes the destruction of pathogens. True or False
True
located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
palatine tonsils
located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
pharyngeal tonsil
enlarged pharyngeal tonsils
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
adenoids
tonsil that is found on the posterior surface of the tongue
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
lingual tonsil
the ones usually referred to as “the tonsils.”
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
palatine tonsils
removal of the pharyngeal tonsils
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
tonsillectomy
removal of the palatine tonsil
CHOICES:
adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids, pharyngeal tonsil
adenoidectomy
The palatine tonsil becomes infected less often than the other tonsils and is more difficult to remove. True or False
False - lingual tonsil
rounded structures, varying from the size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes in the groin
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
inguinal nodes
Lymph nodes in the axilla (armpit)
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
axillary nodes
Lymph nodes in the neck
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
cervical nodes
distributed along the various lymphatic vessels
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
Lymph nodes
A dense connective tissue _______ surrounds each lymph node
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
capsule
Extensions of the capsule, called ________, subdivide a lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses.
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
trabeculae
The lymphatic tissue consists of lymphocytes and other cells that can form dense aggregations of tissue called _________.
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
lymphatic nodules
spaces between the lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages on a network of fibers.
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
Lymphatic sinuses
areas of tissue within lymph nodes and other organs as well
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
lymphatic nodules
Lymph enters the lymph node through ________
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
afferent vessels
The lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes are called _______
CHOICES:
Lymph nodes, inguinal nodes, axillary nodes, cervical nodes, mamary nodes, capsule, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules, Lymphatic sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels, germinal centers
germinal centers
roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
spleen
________ is a lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen.
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
White pulp
_______ is associated with the veins.
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
Red pulp
It consists of a fibrous network, filled with macrophages and red blood cells, and enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins.
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
Red pulp
Lymphocytes in the white pulp can be stimulated in the same manner as in lymph nodes. True or False
True
Before blood leaves the spleen through veins, it passes through the white pulp. True or False
False - red pulp
functions as a blood reservoir
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
spleen
removal of the spleen
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
splenectomy
A bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape. It is located in the superior mediastinum, the partition dividing the thoracic cavity into left and right parts.
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
Thymus
Near the capsule and trabeculae, lymphocytes are numerous and form dark-staining areas called the _____
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
cortex
A lighter-staining, central portion of the lobules, called the _______, has a fewer lymphocytes
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
medulla
The thymus is the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called _______
CHOICES:
splenectomy, spleen, Red pulp, White pulp, thymus, cortex, medulla, T Cells, B Cells
T Cells
Large numbers of T cells are produced in the thymus, but most degenerate. True or False
True
Lymphatic capillaries and vessels remove fluid from tissues and absorb lipids from the large intestine. True or False
False - small intestine
Lymph nodules filter lymph, and the spleen filters blood. True or False
False - Lymph nodules filter lymph
Cells that originate and mature in red bone marrow
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
B Cells
Produced in red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus, where they mature
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
Pre-T Cells
responsible for much of immunity
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
B cells and T cells
the ability to resist damage from pathogens
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
Immunity
also as called nonspecific resistance
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
innate immunity
also as called specific immunity
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
adaptive immunity
the body recognizes and destroys certain pathogens, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
innate immunity
the body recognizes and destroys pathogens, but the response to them improves each time the pathogen is encountered.
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
adaptive immunity
the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
Specificity
the ability of adaptive immunity to “remember” previous encounters with a particular substance.
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
Memory
each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same because specificity and memory of previous encounters are not present.
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
innate immunity
the response during the second exposure to the samebacteria is faster and stronger than the response to the first exposure because the immune system exhibits memory for the bacteria from the first exposure.
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
adaptive immunity
When the bacteria are destroyed before any symptoms develop, and the person is said to be ________
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
immune
Accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, WBCs, and the inflammatory response
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
innate immunity
Exhibits specificity and memory
CHOICES:
B cells, T cells, Pre-T Cells, Pre-B Cells, Immunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Specificity, Memory, immune
adaptive immunity
Pathogens cannot cause a disease if they cannot get into the body. True or False
True
The skin and mucous membranes form barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens and chemicals
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Physical barriers
molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Chemical mediators
a group of more than 20 proteins found in plasma
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Complement
proteins that protect the body
against viral infections
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Interferons
the most important cellular components of immunity
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
White blood cells
tears, saliva, and urine wash pathogens and chemicals from body surfaces.
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Physical barriers
lysozyme in tears and saliva kills certain bacteria, what type of innate immunity is this?
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Chemical mediators
they bind to the surface of neighboring cells, where they stimulate those cells to produce antiviral proteins.
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Interferons
response to injury involves many of the chemicals and cells
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Inflammatory response
circulate in the blood in an inactive form and can be activated by combining with foreign substances, such as parts of a bacterial cell, or by combining with antibodies
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Complement
it can be can be local or systemic
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Inflammatory response
produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue and released into the blood
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
White blood cells
some of it plays a role in activating immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Interferons
mucus on the mucous membranes prevents the entry of some pathogens, what type of innate immunity is this?
CHOICES:
Chemical mediators, Inflammatory response, Interferons, White blood cells, Physical barriers, Complement
Chemical mediators
The movement of white blood cells towards chemicals is called _____
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
chemotaxis
the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Phagocytosis
usually the first white blood cells to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Neutrophils
monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge about fivefold
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Macrophages
accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at a site of infection.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Pus
type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow, and they account for up to 15% of lymphocytes.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Natural killer (NK) cells
derived from red bone marrow, are motile white blood cells that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Basophils
also derived from red bone marrow, are nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially near capillaries
Mast cells
participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Eosinophils
They release chemical signals that increase the inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Neutrophils
macrophages in the lungs
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
dust cells
macrophages in the liver
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
kupffer cells
macrophages in the CNS
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
microglia
can ingest more and larger items than can neutrophils
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Macrophages
use a variety of methods to kill their target cells, including releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes and cause the cells to lyse.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Natural killer (NK) cells
Like macrophages, ______ are located at points where pathogens may enter the body, such as the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
mast cells
recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus infected cells, in general, rather than specific tumor cells or cells infected by a specific virus.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Natural killer (NK) cells
an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Local inflammation
an inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Systemic inflammation
Symptoms include redness, heat, and swelling due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability, as well as pain caused by swelling and by chemical mediators acting on pain receptors.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Local inflammation
chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells, stimulate fever production
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
Pyrogens
In severe cases of _________, vascular permeability can increase so much that large amounts of fluid are lost from the blood into the tissues.
CHOICES:
Chemotaxis, Pus, Phagocytosis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, Local inflammation, Systemic inflammation, Pyrogens
systemic inflammation
Fever is not beneficial because it doesn’t promotes the activities of the immune system, such as phagocytosis, and inhibits the growth of some microorganisms. True or False
False - Fever is beneficial because it promotes the activities of the immune system, such as phagocytosis, and inhibits the growth of some microorganisms.
substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Antigens
introduced from outside the body
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Foreign antigens
Pollen, animal hairs, foods, and drugs can cause an ______ because they are foreign antigens that produce an overreaction of the immune system
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
allergic reaction,
Microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, and chemicals released by microorganisms are examples of _______ antigens.
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
foreign
molecules the body produces to stimulate an immune system response.
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Self-antigens
results when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Autoimmune disease
involves a group of lymphocytes called B cells and proteins called antibodies
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
involves the actions of a second type of lymphocyte, called T cells.
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
produce the effects of cell-mediated immunity
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
cytotoxic T cells
can promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
CHOICES:
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Autoimmune disease, allergic reaction, Foreign antigens, Antigens, Self-antigens, Antibody-mediated immunity, Cell-mediated immunity
helper T cells
The response to self-antigens can be beneficial. The response to self-antigens can be beneficial. True or False
True
promotes inflammation and phagocytosis
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
Cytokines
give rise to all the blood cells
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
Stem cells
small groups of identical B cells or T cells that are form during embryonic development
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
Clones
Each clone can respond only to a _______
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
particular antigen
When stimulated by an _______, B cells and T cells divide, producing cells that are responsible for the destruction of antigens
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
antigen
Among the antigens to which the clones can respond are _________.
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
self-antigens
The specialized B-cell or T-cell clones can respond to antigens and produce an ________ immune response.
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
adaptive
Lymphocytes have cell membrane proteins, called _________, on their surfaces
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
antigen receptors
The antigen receptors on B cells are called __________
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
B-cell receptors
The antigen receptors on T cells are called __________
CHOICES:
Clones, particular antigen, antigen, self-antigens, antigen receptors, B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, adaptive, innate, Stem cells, Cytokines
T-cell receptors
Activation of the lymphocytes of a particular clone occurs when antigens combine with the antigen receptors of a clone. True or False
True
Different MHC molecules have different binding sites—that is, they are specific for certain antibodies. True or False
False - certain antigens
glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
different group of receptors found on the membrane of many types of cells.
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
found on the membranes of antigen-presenting cells, B lymphocytes, and other defense cells
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
MHC class II molecules
found on the membranes of most nucleated cells
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
MHC class I molecules
function as “serving trays” that hold and present a processed antigen on the outer surface of the cell membrane.
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
The ____________ is usually only the first signal necessary to produce a response from a B cell or T cell.
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
MHC molecule/antigen combination
_________ can be achieved by cytokines, which are proteins or peptides secreted by one cell as a regulator of neighboring cells.
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
Costimulation
a cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
interleukin-1
The ________ protein is also bound by the virus that causes AIDS
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
CD4
Cytotoxic T cells have a glycoprotein called ________, which helps connect cytotoxic T cells to cells displaying MHC class I molecules
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
CD8
helper T cells have a glycoprotein called ________, which helps connect helper T cells to the macrophage by bind- ing to MHC class II molecules
CHOICES: MHC class II molecules, MHC class I molecules, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, CD4, CD8, CD6, interleukin-1, Costimulation, MHC molecule/antigen combination
CD4
an important process that generates the needed defense cells to protect the body.
CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell
Lymphocyte proliferation
__________ binds to the receptors and stimulates the helper T cell to divide
CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell
Interleukin-2
__________ begins when a B cell takes in the same kind of antigen that stimulated the helper T cell
CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell
B-cell proliferation
A _______ is stimulated when it binds to the MHC class II/antigen complex
CHOICES:
Lymphocyte proliferation, Interleukin-2, B-cell proliferation, helper T cell
helper T cell
It is important for the number of helper T cells to increase because helper T cells are necessary for the activation of most B cells or T cells. True or False
True
Most B cells, however, do not respond to antigens without stimulation from cytotoxic T cells. True or False
False - helper T Cells
Exposure of the body to an antigen can lead to the activation of T cells and the production of antibodies. True or False
False - B Cells
Y-shaped molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
Antibodies
The end of each “arm” of the antibody is the ________
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
variable region
The rest of the antibody
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
constant region
the _________ can activate complement, or it can attach the antibody to cells, such as macrophages, basophils, and mast cells.
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
constant region
This region is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigen.
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
variable region
Antibodies are sometimes called ___________ because they are found mostly in the gamma globulin part of plasma.
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
gamma globulins
Antibodies are also called ____________ because they are globulin proteins involved in immunity
CHOICES:
Antibodies, gamma globulins, immunoglobulins (Ig), variable region, constant region
immunoglobulins (Ig)
The ability of antibodies to join antigens together is the basis for many clinical tests. True or False
True
Most of the effectiveness of antibodies results from direct effects. True or False
False - indirect effects
When an antigen combines with the antibody, the variable region triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals from mast cells and basophils. True or False
False - constant
Decreasing the production or activity of cytokines can suppress the immune system. True or False
True
The primary response normally takes ________ to produce enough antibodies to be effective against the antigen.
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
3–14 days
responsible for the secondary response, or memory response, which occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
Memory B cells
The __________ provides better protection than the primary response
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
secondary response
the basis of adaptive immunity.
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
Memory cells
a function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective against microorganisms that live inside body cells.
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
Cell-mediated immunity
also involved with some allergic reactions, the control of tumors, and graft rejection.
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
Cell-mediated immunity
Total serum antibody: 80-85
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgG
Total serum antibody: 5-10
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgM
Total serum antibody: 15
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgA
Total serum antibody: 0.002
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgE
Total serum antibody: 0.2
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgD
Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgE
Activates complement and increases phagocytosis, can cross the placenta and provide immune protection to the fetus and newborn, responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgG
Activates complement and acts as an antigen- binding receptor on the surface of B cells, responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system, often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgM
Secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes to protect body surfaces; found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgA
Functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells
CHOICES:
3–14 days, 5-10 days, Memory B cells, Memory cells, Cell-mediated immunity, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, secondary response
IgD
essential for fighting viral infections
Cell-mediated immunity
When viruses infect cells, they direct the cells to make new viruses, which are then released to infect other cells. True or False
True
Cell-mediated immunity fights viral infections by destroying bacterial infected cells. True or False
False - virally
Increasing the number of “daughter” helper T cells results in greater stimulation of cytotoxic T cells. True or False
True
a signal for activating cytotoxic T cells
T-cell receptor binding with the MHC class I/antigen complex
________ can distinguish between virally infected cells and noninfected cells because the T-cell receptor can bind to the MHC class I/viral antigen complex, which is not present on uninfected cells.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Cytotoxic T cells
results when an individual is exposed to an antigen (either naturally or artificially) and the response of the individual’s own immune system is the cause of the immunity
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Active immunity
occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive immunity
a pure antibody preparation that is specific for only one antigen.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
monoclonal antibody
occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen. The B cell proliferates to form plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells produce antibodies.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Primary response
__________ implies that contact with the antigen or transfer of antibodies occurs as part of everyday living and is not deliberate
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Natural
_________ implies that deliberate introduction of an antigen or antibody into the body has occurred.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Artificial
__________ results from natural exposure to an antigen, such as a disease-causing microorganism, that stimulates the immune system to respond against the antigen.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Active natural immunity
an antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the immune system.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
active artificial immunity
vaccination is a sample of _________
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
active artificial immunity
usually consists of part of a pathogen, either a dead microorganism or a live, altered one
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
vaccine
produces long-lasting immunity without disease symptoms, it is the preferred method of acquiring adaptive immunity.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Active artificial immunity
the preferred treatment when not enough time is available for the individual to develop his or her own active immunity
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive artificial immunity
Because the individual is not immune during the first exposure, he or she usually develops the symptoms of the disease.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Active natural immunity
involves the collecting of antibodies from one source and introducing them to an infected individual usually through injection.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive artificial immunity
provides immediate protection because the antibodies either directly or indirectly destroy the antigen
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive artificial immunity
results when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her child across the placenta before birth
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
Passive natural immunity
Antibodies that provide passive artificial immunity are referred to by the general term ________ because the antibodies are found in serum, which is plasma minus the clotting factors.
CHOICES:
Cytotoxic T cells, Active immunity, Passive immunity, Primary response, Natural, Artificial, vaccine, antiserum, Passive natural immunity, Passive artificial immunity, Active natural immunity, Active artificial immunity, monoclonal antibody
antiserum
