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AnaPhy > Chapter 3 - Cell Structures and Their Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Structures and Their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

specialized structures called _________ perform specific functions

A

organelles

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2
Q

contains the cell’s genetic material

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

living material surrounding the nucleus; contains many types of organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

encloses the cytoplasm

A

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

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5
Q

chemical reactions that occur within cells are called ____________.

A

cell metabolism

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6
Q

Energy released during metabolism is used for cell activities. True or False

A

True

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7
Q

the structural and functional characteristics of cells are determined by the type of atoms they produce. True or False

A

False - Molecules

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8
Q

cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with one another. True or False

A

True

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9
Q

specific cells transmit that genetic information to the next generation. True or False

A

specialized

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10
Q

Also known as the plasma membrane and is the outermost component of a cell

A

Cell membrane

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11
Q

substance outside the cell

A

Extracellular

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12
Q

substance inside the cell

A

Intracellular

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13
Q

Supports the cell contents, acts as a selective barrier that determines what moves into and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

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14
Q

Plays a role in communication between cells

A

Cell membrane

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15
Q

Made up of two major types of molecules

A

Phospholipids and Proteins

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16
Q

Cell membrane also contains _______ and _________

A

cholesterol, carbohydrates

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17
Q

Phospholipids form a triple layer of molecules. True or False

A

False - Double

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18
Q

Polar, phosphate-containing ends of the phospholipids are _________

A

hydrophilic (water-loving)

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19
Q

Nonpolar, fatty acid ends of the phospholipids are _________

A

hydrophobic (water-fearing)

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20
Q

Face the extra- and intracellular fluids of the cell

A

hydrophilic (water-loving)

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21
Q

Face away from the fluid on either side of the membrane

A

hydrophobic (water-fearing)

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22
Q

Center of the double layer phospholipids

A

hydrophobic (water-fearing)

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23
Q

Phospholipids are not completely stationary but are able to move. True or False

A

True

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24
Q

Double layer of phospholipids has a liquid quality. True or False

A

False - fluid

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25
Q

Cholesterol within the phospholipid membrane gives it added strength and stability. True or False

A

True

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26
Q

Limiting the movement

A

Cholesterol

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27
Q

Protein among molecules

molecules “float” the phospholipid. True or False

A

True

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28
Q

Membrane protein function as membrane channels, carrier molecules, receptor molecules, enzymes or structural support in the membrane. True or False

A

True

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29
Q

involved with the movement of substances through the cell membrane

A

Membrane channels & carrier molecules

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30
Q

part of an intercellular communication system that enables cell recognition and coordination of the activities of cells

A

Receptor molecules

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31
Q

Cell membranes are ____________ where it allow some substance to pass into or out of the cells

A

selectively permeable

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32
Q

Enzymes, glycogen, potassium ion (K+) are found at ________ intracellularly

A

higher concentrations

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33
Q

Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- are found

in ______________ extracellularly

A

greater concentration

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34
Q

Nutrients enter cells _______

A

continually

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35
Q

Does not require the cell to expend energy

A

Passive membrane transport

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36
Q

Does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP

A

Active membrane transport

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37
Q

Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

A

Passive membrane transport

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38
Q

Active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

A

Active membrane transport

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39
Q

substances dissolved in a predominant liquid or gas

A

Solute

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40
Q

predominant liquid or gas

A

Solvent

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41
Q

solutes, such as ions or molecules, tend to move from an area of higher concentration of a solute to an area of lower concentration of that same solute in solution – this process is called _______

A

diffusion

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42
Q

more solute particles occur in an area of higher concentration than in an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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43
Q

results from the natural, constant random motion of all solutes in a solution

A

diffusion

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44
Q

the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between two points divided by the distance between the two points

A

concentration gradient

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45
Q

___________ when the concentration difference is large and/ or the distance is small

A

stepper

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46
Q

the substance moves down its concentration gradient, which means that the solute is diffusing from an area of higher concentration toward an area of lower concentration of that specific solute, vice versa. True or False

A

True

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47
Q

certain small, water-soluble substances can diffuse between the phospholipid molecules of cell membranes. True or False

A

True

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48
Q

other water-soluble substances, such as ions, can diffuse across the cell membrane freely. True or False

A

False - only by passing through cell membrane channels

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49
Q

molecules that are lipid-soluble, such as O2, CO2, and steroids, pass easily through the phospholipid bilayer. True or False

A

True

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50
Q

cell membrane channels vary in structure hence they vary in the degree to which ions pass through them. True or False

A

True

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51
Q

limit the movement of an ion across the membrane by opening and closing

A

Gated channels

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52
Q

allow ions to pass-through

A

Leak channels

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53
Q

_________ is important to cells because large volume changes caused by water movement can disrupt normal cell functions

A

Osmosis

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54
Q

Occurs when the cell membrane is less permeable, selectively permeable, or not permeable to solutes and a concentration gradient for water exists across the cell membrane

A

Osmosis

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55
Q

the force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

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56
Q

As the solution rises, its weight produces __________, which moves water out of the tube back into the distilled water surrounding the tube

A

hydrostatic pressure

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57
Q

Measured by placing a solution into a tube that is closed at one end by a selectively permeable membrane and immersing the tube in distilled water

A

Osmotic pressure

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58
Q

Greater the concentration of a solution, greater its osmotic pressure, and greater the tendency for water. True or False

A

True

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59
Q

when an RBC is placed in a _________, water enters the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell or lyse

A

hypotonic solution

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60
Q

when an RBC is placed in a _________, water moves at the same rate, thus the cell shape remains normal

A

isotonic solution

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61
Q

when a RBC is places in a _________, water moves by osmosis out of the cell and into the solution, resulting in creation or cell shrinkage

A

hypertonic solution

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62
Q

Moves large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane

A

carrier-mediated transport mechanisms

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63
Q

Carrier-molecules are lipids within the cell membrane. True or False

A

False - proteins

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64
Q

a molecule to be transported binds to a specific carrier molecule on one side of the membrane. True or False

A

True

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65
Q

the binding of the molecule to the carrier molecule in the cell membrane causes the four-dimensional shape of the carrier molecule to change, and the transported molecule is moved to the opposite side of the cell membrane. True or False

A

False - three

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66
Q

carrier-mediated transport mechanisms exhibit specificity. True or False

A

True

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67
Q

protein involved in carrier-mediated transport is commonly identified by the specific substance transported. True or False

A

True

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68
Q

a carrier-mediated transport process that moves substances across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that substance

A

Facilitated diffusion

69
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires energy in the form of ATP. True or False

A

False - metabolic energy in the form of ATP is not required

70
Q

a carrier-mediated process that moves substances across the cell membrane from region of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

71
Q

if ATP is not available, active transport still continues with the use of lipids as their sour of energy. True or False

A

False - it stops

72
Q

a genetic disorder that affects the active transport of Cl- into cells

A

Cystic Fibrosis

73
Q

Involves the active transport of one substance across the cell membrane, establishing a concentration gradient

A

Secondary active transport

74
Q

the diffusing substance moves in the same direction as the transported substance

A

Cotransport

75
Q

the diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance

A

Countertransport

76
Q

The diffusion of that transported substance down its concentration gradient provides the energy to transport a second substance across the cell membrane. True or False

A

True

77
Q

Large water-soluble molecules that cannot be transported by carrier molecules, small pieces of matter, and even whole cells can be transported across cell membranes in membrane- bound sacs called ____________

A

vesicles

78
Q

_________ is the uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a vesicle

A

Endocytosis

79
Q

When a specific substance binds to the receptor molecule, endocytosis is triggered, and the substance is transported into the cell

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

80
Q

__________ is often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested

A

Phagocytosis

81
Q

Endocytosis exhibits specificity. True or False

A

True

82
Q

In some cells, membrane-bound sacs called _________ accumulate materials for release from the cells

A

secretory vesicles

83
Q

secretory vesicles move to the cell membrane, where the vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane, and the material in the vesicle is released from the cell

A

Exocytosis

84
Q

A large organelle usually located near the center of the cell

A

Nucleus

85
Q

The nucleus is bounded by a ___________, consist of the outer and inner membrane with a narrow space between them

A

nuclear envelope

86
Q

Inner and outer membranes come together to form __________, through which materials can pass into or out of the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

87
Q

The nuclei of human cells contain 22 pairs of chromosomes, which consist of DNA and protein. True or False

A

True

88
Q

During most of a cell’s life, chromosomes are loosely coiled and collectively called ___________

A

chromatin

89
Q

diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus

A

Nucleoli

90
Q

There are usually an abundant amount of nucleoli within the nucleus. True or False

A

False - There are usually one to several nucleoli within the nucleus

91
Q

Subunits of ribosomes are formed within a nucleolus. True or False

A

True

92
Q

Proteins produced in the cytoplasm move through the nuclear pores into the nucleus and to the nucleolus. True or False

A

True

93
Q

Where proteins are produced

A

Ribosomes

94
Q

Ribosomes that are not attached to any other organelle are called ________

A

free ribosomes

95
Q

The _____________ is a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extend from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

96
Q

ER with ribosomes attached to it

A

Rough ER

97
Q

ER without ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

98
Q

A site for lipid synthesis and participates in detoxification of chemicals within cells

A

Smooth ER

99
Q

Large amount of rough ER in a cell indicates that it is synthesizing large amount of protein for export from the cell. True or False

A

True

100
Q

Consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane- bound sacs

A

Golgi Apparatus

101
Q

Collects, modifies, packages, and distributes protein and lipid manufactured by the ER

A

Golgi Apparatus

102
Q

Golgi Apparatus is present in large numbers and is most highly developed in cells that secrete amino acids. True or False

A

False - proteins

103
Q

small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within cells

A

Vesicle

104
Q

In many cells, secretory vesicles accumulate in the cytoplasm and are released to the exterior when the cell receives a signal. True or False

A

True

105
Q

Secretory vesicles containing hormones remain in the cytoplasm of endocrine cells until signals stimulate their release. True or False

A

True

106
Q

membrane- bound vesicles formed from the Golgi Apparatus

A

Lysosomes

107
Q

Pinch off from the Golgi Apparatus and move to the cell membrane

A

Vesicle

108
Q

Enzymes within the

lysosomes break down the materials in the exocytotic vesicle. True or False

A

False - endocytotic

109
Q

small membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide (H202)

A

Peroxisomes

110
Q

___________ is a by-product of fatty acid and amino acid breakdown and can be toxic to a cell

A

hydrogen peroxide

111
Q

enzymes in peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide to water and O2. True or False

A

True

112
Q

small organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space

A

mitochondria

113
Q

outer membranes have a smooth contour, but the inner membranes have numerous folds called ________, which project into the interior of the mitochondria

A

cristae

114
Q

material within the inner membrane of the mitochondria is the ________ and contains enzymes and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

A

mitochondrial matrix

115
Q

major sites of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production within cells

A

mitochondria

116
Q

Acts as the internal framework of the cell and consist of protein structures that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape

A

cytoskeleton

117
Q

hollow structures formed from protein subunits and perform variety of roles, includes helping to support the cytoplasm of cells, assisting in cell division, and forming essential components of certain organelles

A

Microtubules

118
Q

small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining cell shape and some are involved with cell movement

A

Microfilaments

119
Q

fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments and provides mechanical support to the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

120
Q

a protein associated with skin cells

A

Keratin

121
Q

specialized area of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule formation occurs and contain two centrioles

A

Centrosome

122
Q

small, cylindrical organelle composed of microtubules organized into nine triplets

A

Centriole

123
Q

project from the surface of cells, vary in number from none to thousands per cell; capable of moving

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

Cilia

124
Q

have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

Flagella

125
Q

Numerous on surface
cells that line respiratory tract

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

Cilia

126
Q

specialized extension of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

Microvilli

127
Q

Sperm cells have ___________, which propels the sperm cell

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

one flagellum

128
Q

Transports mucus

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

Cilia

129
Q

Numerous on cells that have them and they increase the surface are of those cells

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

Microvilli

130
Q

Only one per cell

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

Flagella

131
Q

Do not actively move

CHOICES:
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

A

Microvilli

132
Q

Cell’s characteristics are ultimately determined by the types of amino acid it produces. True or False

A

False - protein

133
Q

DNA influences the structural and functional characteristics of the entire organism because it directs protein synthesis. True or False

A

True

134
Q

sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein

A

Gene

135
Q

Nucleotide sequence of a gene determines the amino acid sequence of a specific protein. True or False

A

True

136
Q

Copy of the gene produced during transcription is messenger RNA (mRNA) – travels from nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, information in the copy is then used to construct a protein by means of translation

CHOICES:
Transcription, Translation

A

Transcription

137
Q

Converting that copied information into a protein

CHOICES:
Transcription, Translation

A

Translation

138
Q

Making a copy of a gene

CHOICES:
Transcription, Translation

A

Transcription

139
Q

Occurs at ribosomes

CHOICES:
Transcription, Translation

A

Translation

140
Q

DNA determines the structure of mRNA

CHOICES:
Transcription, Translation

A

Transcription

141
Q

mRNA molecules produced by transcription pass through the nuclear pores to the ribosome

CHOICES:
Transcription, Translation

A

Translation

142
Q

Ribosomes consist of small and large subunits, which combine with mRNA during translation

CHOICES:
Transcription, Translation

A

Translation

143
Q

Information in mRNA is carried in groups of three nucleotides called _______

A

codons

144
Q

Each tRNA there is a three-nucleotide sequence called the _______ that pairs with the codon of the mRNA

A

anticodon

145
Q

An enzyme associated with the ribosome causes the formation of a _________ between the amino a

A

peptide bond

146
Q

nondividing phase

A

Interphase

147
Q

During ________, DNA (located in chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus) is replicated

A

interphase

148
Q

DNA is dispersed throughout the nucleus as thin threads called ___________

A

chromatin

149
Q

Human body

A

46 chromosomes

150
Q

Sex cells formed in _________

A

meiosis

151
Q

46 chromosomes are the haploid number of chromosomes and are organized to form 23 pairs of chromosomes. True or False

A

False - diploid

152
Q

Parent cell divides to form two daughter cells with the same amount and type of DNA as parent cell

A

Mitosis

153
Q

1 pair is the sex chromosomes and the remaining 22 pairs are called
autosomes. True False

A

True

154
Q

chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Prophase

155
Q

chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association with the spindle fibers

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Metaphase

156
Q

Centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell, and the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Prophase

157
Q

Cytoplasm begins to divide

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Anaphase

158
Q

Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome and begin moving them to the center of the cell

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Prophase

159
Q

chromosomes disperse, the nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form, and the cytoplasm continues to divide to form two cells

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Telophase

160
Q

Chromosomes, assisted by the spindle fibers, move toward the centrioles at each end of the cell

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Anaphase

161
Q

Process by which cells develop with specialized structures and function

A

Differentiation

162
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

163
Q

In developing fetus, apoptosis removes extra tissue. True or False

A

True

164
Q

In some adult tissues, apoptosis eliminates excess

cell to maintain constant number of cells within the tissue. True or False

A

True

165
Q

more sensitive to free-radical damage; result in loss of proteins critical to mitochondrial function

A

Mitochondrial damage

166
Q

through time, DNA is damaged, resulting in cell degeneration and death

A

DNA damage

167
Q

after a certain passage of time or certain number of cell divisions, results in the death of a given cell line

A

Cellular Clock

168
Q

atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron

A

Free radicals

169
Q

causing cells to deteriorate and die

CHOICES:
Death genes, Free radicals, Cellular Clock, DNA damage, Mitochondrial damage

A

Death genes

AnaPhy (18 decks)

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