Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards by Angelica Cejas

group of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them

Tissue

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microscopic study of tissue

Histology

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Covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body

Epithelial tissue

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Mostly composed of cells. Very little extracellular matrix between them. True or False

True

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Most epithelial tissues have one free, or ________ where cells are exposed and not attached to other cells.

apical surface

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At the base of the cells is the _________ basement membrane, a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.

basal surface

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___________ helps attach the epithelial cells to the underlying tissues.

Basement membrane

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all gases and nutrients carried in the blood must reach the epithelium by diffusing from blood vessels across the basement membrane. True or False

True

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a single layer of cells, each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface

Simple epithelium

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more than one layer of cells, only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the base

Stratified epithelium

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a special type of simple epithelium; appears to be stratified but is not.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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cells are flat or scalelike

Squamous

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cube-shaped (about as wide as they are tall)

Cuboidal

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tall and thin; taller than they are wider

Columnar

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In the lungs, they allow for gas exchange

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

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have a greater secretory capacity than simple squamous epithelial cells

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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In the small intestine, they produce and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes

Simple columnar epithelium

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secretes mucus, which covers its free surface

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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Cilia in the airways move the mucus and accumulated debris toward the throat, where it is swallowed.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells

Stratified squamous epithelium

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This epithelial type is relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and the salivary glands.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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consists of more than one layer of epithelium cells, but only the surface cells are columnar

Stratified columnar epithelium

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a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched

Transitional epithelium

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the large size of these cells enables them to perform complex functions

Simple columnar epithelium

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In the kidneys, they help filter wastes from the blood while keeping blood cells inside the blood vessels CHOICES: Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Prevents abrasion between organs in the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities CHOICES: Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

As the newly formed cells fare pushed to the surface, they become flat and thin; As the cells flatten, the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is replaced by a protein called ________ , and the cells die

keratin

clear, thick fluid that protects the lining of the intestine

Mucus

forms the outer layer of the skin

keratinized squamous epithelium

could be seen in the mouth and provides protection against abrasion and acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing microorganisms from entering the body.

nonkeratinized (moist) stratified squamous epithelium

The thick layer of cells provides protection against abrasion and forms a barrier that prevents microorganisms and toxic chemicals from entering the body.

keratinized squamous epithelium

keratin reduces the loss of water from the body. True or False

True

Simple epithelium is found in organs that primarily function to defecate the materials. True or False

False - move

The movement of materials through a stratified epithelium is hindered by its many layers, the reason it is well adapted for protective function. True or False

True

Cells are normally cuboidal or columnar when the function is diffusion. True or False

False - flat and thin

Cells with the major function of secretion or absorption are usually cuboidal or columnar. True or False

True

lung cancer most often results from changes in epithelial cells in the lung passageways of smokers. True or False

True

The lining of blood vessels is a specialized type of simple squamous epithelium called ______

endothelium

mechanical links that bind cells together CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Desmosomes

reduces friction as material moves across it CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Smooth free surface

Cells have structures that hold one cell to another or the base membrane CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Cell connections

anchor cells to the basement membrane; many are found in epithelia subjected to stress CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Hemidesmosomes

bind adjacent cells together and form permeability barriers CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Tight junctions

Modified desmosomes CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Hemidesmosomes

prevent the passage of materials between epithelial cells because they completely surround each cell CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Tight junctions

found below the tight junction; act as a weak glue that holds cells together CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Adhesion belt

mall channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an adjacent one CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Gap junctions

found in the lining of the intestines and in most other simple epithelia CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Tight junctions

Most epithelial cells are connected to one another by _________ CHOICES: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

Gap junctions

secretory organs

Glands

glands with ducts

Exocrine gland

Composed primarily of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue

Glands

glands separated from the epithelium of their origin and have no ducts

Endocrine gland

glands and ducts are lined with epithelium

Exocrine gland

have extensive blood vessels

Endocrine gland

The cellular product of endocrine glands are _______, which is secreted in the bloodstream and carried throughout the body

hormones

Most exocrine glands are composed of many cells and are called __________

multicellular glands

goblet cells secretes ________

mucus

Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified according to the structure of their ducts and secretory regions. True or False

True

have a single and nonbranched duct

Simple glands

_______ have multiple, branched ducts

Compound glands

If there are multiple secretory regions that branch off the duct, then the gland is called branched. True or False

True

For compound glands, the shape of the secretory regions further defines the gland. True or False

False - both simple and compound

Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules (small tubes)

tubular

Glands with secretory regions shaped in saclike structures

acinar or alveolar

glands that could be straight or coiled.

tubular

combination of tubular and acinar glands

tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar

the most common type of secretion CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

merocrine secretion

involves the release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of the gland cells CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

Apocrine secretion

involves the shedding of entire cells CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

Holocrine secretion

involves the release of secretory products by exocytosis CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

merocrine secretion

_________ secretion is used by water-producing sweat glands and the exocrine portion of the pancreas. CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

Merocrine

used by the sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

Holocrine secretion

secretion in duct CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

merocrine secretion

Dying cell releases secretory products CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

Holocrine secretion

Pinched-off portion of cell in the secretion CHOICES: merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

Apocrine secretion

_____________ is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.

Connective tissue

creates the matrix

-blasts

maintains 'it'

-cytes

break it down for remodeling

-clasts

large white blood cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances, including microorganisms in the connective tissue

Macrophages

nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammation

Mast cells

forms the bone

Osteoblasts

maintains the bone

Osteocytes

forms the fibrous connective tissue

Fibroblasts

forms the cartilage

Chondroblasts

3 major components of extracellular matrix are protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid. True or False

True

The structure of the matrix is responsible for the functional characteristics of connective tissues. True or False

True

very flexible but resist stretching

Collagen fibers

very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network

Reticular fibers

resemble microscopic ropes

Collagen fibers

have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality

Elastic fibers

consists of nonfibrous molecules

ground substance

large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides

Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans trap large quantities of water between the polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed. True or False

True

By twelve weeks of development, most of the embryonic connective tissue has become specialized to form the types of connective tissue seen in adults. True or False

False - eight

consist of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid

Loose Connective Tissue

consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers

Areolar

The most common cells in loose connective tissue are the ___________

fibroblasts

The tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage.

Adipose

it attaches the skin to underlying tissues and provides nourishment for the structures with which it is associated

Loose Connective Tissue

forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver

Reticular tissue

The basement membranes of epithelia often rest on loose connective tissue. True or False

True

composed of large cells and a small amount of extracellular matrix, which consists of loosely arranged collagen and reticular fibers with some scattered elastic fibers.

Adipose tissue

Reticular tissue also pads and protects parts of the body and acts as a thermal insulator. True or False

False -Adipose

has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space

Dense connective tissue

has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers

Dense collagenous connective tissue

attach muscle to the bone

tendons

forms many capsules that surround organs, such as the liver and kidneys

Dense collagenous connective tissue

In tendons and ligaments, the collagen fibers are oriented in the same direction, and so the tissue is called __________

dense regular

in the dermis and in organ capsules, the fibers are oriented in many different directions, and so the tissue is called ___________.

dense irregular

has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers

Dense elastic connective tissue

The collagenous fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil. True or False

False - elastic

Elastic fibers are oriented in the same direction in elastic ligaments and in the vocal cords. True or False

True

Oriented in many different directions in the walls of arteries

Dense elastic connective tissue

composed of chondrocytes

Cartilage

Cartilage is resilient because the proteoglycans of the matrix trap water, which makes the cartilage relatively rigid and enables it to spring back after being compressed. True or False

True

most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions CHOICES: Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

appear as coiled fibers among bundles of collagen fibers CHOICES: Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

has more collagen than does hyaline cartilage, and bundles of collagen fibers can be seen in the matrix. CHOICES: Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans CHOICES: Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

withstanding compression and able to resist pulling or tearing forces. CHOICES: Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

forms the cartilage rings of the respiratory tract, the nasal cartilages, and the costal cartilages CHOICES: Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

found in the disks between the vertebrae (bones of the back) and in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular (jaw) joints CHOICES: Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

found in the external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube CHOICES: Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix

Bone

The strength and rigidity of the carbonized matrix enable bones to support and protect other tissues and organs. True or False

False - mineralized

has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge

Spongy bone

more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix

Compact bone

unique due to the matrix being liquid, enabling blood cells and platelets, called formed elements, to move through blood vessels

blood

Its main function is to contract, shorten, making movement possible

Muscle tissue

The length of muscle tissue is greater than the diameter. True or False

True

Attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle of the heart CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Forms the walls of hollow organs (except the heart) CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Voluntary (under conscious control) CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Tapered at each end, have a single nucleus CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cylindrical but much shorter than skeletal muscle cells CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Striated usually have one nucleus per cell CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Straited or banded due to the arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Often branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, contain specialized gap junctions, are important in coordinating the contractions of the cardiac muscle cells CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Responsible for moving food through eh digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Several nuclei per cell CHOICES: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

Nervous Tissue

Ability of nervous tissue cells to communicate with one another and with the cells of other tissues by means of electrical signals called ___________

action potentials

responsible for conducting action potentials

Neurons

contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions

Cell body

nerve cell processes and receive stimuli leading to electrical changes that either increase or decrease action potentials in the neuron’s axon

Dendrites

nerve cell processes

Axon

the support cells of the nervous system; they nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons.

Glia

Thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity

Tissue Membranes

Line cavities that open to the outside of the body CHOICES: Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

Line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body CHOICES: Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes

Line the cavities of freely movable joints CHOICES: Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

Synovial Membranes

Consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, a thick layer of loose connective tissue CHOICES: Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

consist of three components: a layer of simple squamous epithelium, its basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue CHOICES: Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes

made up of only connective tissue and consist of modified connective tissue cells CHOICES: Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

Synovial Membranes

The functions of _________ vary, depending on their location, but they include protection, absorption, and secretion. CHOICES: Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

makes the joint very slippery, thereby reducing friction and allowing smooth movement within the joint.

synovial fluid

occurs when tissues are damaged

Inflammation

Inflammation can also result from the immediate and painful events that follow trauma. True or False

True

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function

the five major symptoms of inflammation

the processes of inflammation are usually harmful. True or False

False - beneficial

swelling of the tissues results when water, proteins, other substances from the blood move into the tissues

Edema

substitution of viable cells for dead cells

Tissue repair

Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis. True or False

True

new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored

Regeneration

replacement; a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function

Fibrosis

Injuries heal more rapidly and more completely for older people. True or False

False - younger

Cells divide more slowly in older people compared to younger ones. True or False

True