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Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

group of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them

A

Tissue

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2
Q

microscopic study of tissue

A

Histology

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3
Q

Covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body

A

Epithelial tissue

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4
Q

Mostly composed of cells. Very little extracellular matrix between them. True or False

A

True

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5
Q

Most epithelial tissues have one free, or ________ where cells are exposed and not attached to other cells.

A

apical surface

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6
Q

At the base of the cells is the _________ basement membrane, a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.

A

basal surface

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7
Q

___________ helps attach the epithelial cells to the underlying tissues.

A

Basement membrane

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8
Q

all gases and nutrients carried in the blood must reach the epithelium by diffusing from blood vessels across the basement membrane. True or False

A

True

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9
Q

a single layer of cells, each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface

A

Simple epithelium

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10
Q

more than one layer of cells, only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the base

A

Stratified epithelium

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11
Q

a special type of simple epithelium; appears to be stratified but is not.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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12
Q

cells are flat or scalelike

A

Squamous

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13
Q

cube-shaped (about as wide as they are tall)

A

Cuboidal

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14
Q

tall and thin; taller than they are wider

A

Columnar

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15
Q

In the lungs, they allow for gas exchange

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

have a greater secretory capacity than simple squamous epithelial cells

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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17
Q

In the small intestine, they produce and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

secretes mucus, which covers its free surface

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Cilia in the airways move the mucus and accumulated debris toward the throat, where it is swallowed.

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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20
Q

forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

This epithelial type is relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and the salivary glands.

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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22
Q

consists of more than one layer of epithelium cells, but only the surface cells are columnar

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Transitional epithelium

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24
Q

the large size of these cells enables them to perform complex functions

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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25
Q

In the kidneys, they help filter wastes from the blood while keeping blood cells inside the blood vessels

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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26
Q

Prevents abrasion between organs in the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities

CHOICES:
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Transitional epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Stratified columnar epithelium, Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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27
Q

As the newly formed cells fare pushed to the surface, they become flat and thin; As the cells flatten, the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is replaced by a protein called ________ , and the cells die

A

keratin

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28
Q

clear, thick fluid that protects the lining of the intestine

A

Mucus

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29
Q

forms the outer layer of the skin

A

keratinized squamous epithelium

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30
Q

could be seen in the mouth and provides protection against abrasion and acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing microorganisms from entering the body.

A

nonkeratinized (moist) stratified squamous epithelium

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31
Q

The thick layer of cells provides protection against abrasion and forms a barrier that prevents microorganisms and toxic chemicals from entering the body.

A

keratinized squamous epithelium

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32
Q

keratin reduces the loss of water from the body. True or False

A

True

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33
Q

Simple epithelium is found in organs that primarily function to defecate the materials. True or False

A

False - move

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34
Q

The movement of materials through a stratified epithelium is hindered by its many layers, the reason it is well adapted for protective function. True or False

A

True

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35
Q

Cells are normally cuboidal or columnar when the function is diffusion. True or False

A

False - flat and thin

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36
Q

Cells with the major function of secretion or absorption are usually cuboidal or columnar. True or False

A

True

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37
Q

lung cancer most often results from changes in epithelial cells in the lung passageways of smokers. True or False

A

True

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38
Q

The lining of blood vessels is a specialized type of simple squamous epithelium called ______

A

endothelium

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39
Q

mechanical links that bind cells together

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Desmosomes

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40
Q

reduces friction as material moves across it

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Smooth free surface

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41
Q

Cells have structures that hold one cell to another or the base membrane

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Cell connections

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42
Q

anchor cells to the basement membrane; many are found in epithelia subjected to stress

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Hemidesmosomes

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43
Q

bind adjacent cells together and form permeability barriers

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Tight junctions

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44
Q

Modified desmosomes

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Hemidesmosomes

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45
Q

prevent the passage of materials between epithelial cells because they completely surround each cell

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Tight junctions

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46
Q

found below the tight junction; act as a weak glue that holds cells together

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Adhesion belt

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47
Q

mall channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an adjacent one

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Gap junctions

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48
Q

found in the lining of the intestines and in most other simple epithelia

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Tight junctions

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49
Q

Most epithelial cells are connected to one another by _________

CHOICES:
Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Adhesion belt, Hemidesmosomes, Desmosomes, Cell connections, Smooth free surface

A

Gap junctions

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50
Q

secretory organs

A

Glands

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51
Q

glands with ducts

A

Exocrine gland

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52
Q

Composed primarily of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue

A

Glands

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53
Q

glands separated from the epithelium of their origin and have no ducts

A

Endocrine gland

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54
Q

glands and ducts are lined with epithelium

A

Exocrine gland

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55
Q

have extensive blood vessels

A

Endocrine gland

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56
Q

The cellular product of endocrine glands are _______, which is secreted in the bloodstream and carried throughout the body

A

hormones

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57
Q

Most exocrine glands are composed of many cells and are called __________

A

multicellular glands

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58
Q

goblet cells secretes ________

A

mucus

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59
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified according to the structure of their ducts and secretory regions. True or False

A

True

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60
Q

have a single and nonbranched duct

A

Simple glands

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61
Q

_______ have multiple, branched ducts

A

Compound glands

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62
Q

If there are multiple secretory regions that branch off the duct, then the gland is called branched. True or False

A

True

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63
Q

For compound glands, the shape of the secretory regions further defines the gland. True or False

A

False - both simple and compound

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64
Q

Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules (small tubes)

A

tubular

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65
Q

Glands with secretory regions shaped in saclike structures

A

acinar or alveolar

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66
Q

glands that could be straight or coiled.

A

tubular

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67
Q

combination of tubular and acinar glands

A

tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar

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68
Q

the most common type of secretion

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

A

merocrine secretion

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69
Q

involves the release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of the gland cells

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

A

Apocrine secretion

70
Q

involves the shedding of entire cells

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

A

Holocrine secretion

71
Q

involves the release of secretory products by exocytosis

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

A

merocrine secretion

72
Q

_________ secretion is used by water-producing sweat glands and the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

73
Q

used by the sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

A

Holocrine secretion

74
Q

secretion in duct

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

A

merocrine secretion

75
Q

Dying cell releases secretory products

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

A

Holocrine secretion

76
Q

Pinched-off portion
of cell in the secretion

CHOICES:
merocrine secretion, holocrine secretion, apocrine secretion

A

Apocrine secretion

77
Q

_____________ is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.

A

Connective tissue

78
Q

creates the matrix

79
Q

maintains ‘it’

80
Q

break it down for remodeling

81
Q

large white blood cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances, including microorganisms in the connective tissue

A

Macrophages

82
Q

nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammation

A

Mast cells

83
Q

forms the bone

A

Osteoblasts

84
Q

maintains the bone

A

Osteocytes

85
Q

forms the fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

86
Q

forms the cartilage

A

Chondroblasts

87
Q

3 major components of extracellular matrix are protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid. True or False

88
Q

The structure of the matrix is responsible for the functional characteristics of connective tissues. True or False

89
Q

very flexible but resist stretching

A

Collagen fibers

90
Q

very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network

A

Reticular fibers

91
Q

resemble microscopic ropes

A

Collagen fibers

92
Q

have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality

A

Elastic fibers

93
Q

consists of nonfibrous molecules

A

ground substance

94
Q

large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides

A

Proteoglycans

95
Q

Proteoglycans trap large quantities of water between the polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed. True or False

96
Q

By twelve weeks of development, most of the embryonic connective tissue has become specialized to form the types of connective tissue seen in adults. True or False

A

False - eight

97
Q

consist of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid

A

Loose Connective Tissue

98
Q

consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers

99
Q

The most common cells in loose connective tissue are the ___________

A

fibroblasts

100
Q

The tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage.

101
Q

it attaches the skin to underlying tissues and provides nourishment for the structures with which it is associated

A

Loose Connective Tissue

102
Q

forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver

A

Reticular tissue

103
Q

The basement membranes of epithelia often rest on loose connective tissue. True or False

104
Q

composed of large cells and a small amount of extracellular matrix, which consists of loosely arranged collagen and reticular fibers with some scattered elastic fibers.

A

Adipose tissue

105
Q

Reticular tissue also pads and protects parts of the body and acts as a thermal insulator. True or False

A

False -Adipose

106
Q

has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space

A

Dense connective tissue

107
Q

has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers

A

Dense collagenous connective tissue

108
Q

attach muscle to the bone

109
Q

forms many capsules that surround organs, such as the liver and kidneys

A

Dense collagenous connective tissue

110
Q

In tendons and ligaments, the collagen fibers are oriented in the same direction, and so the tissue is called __________

A

dense regular

111
Q

in the dermis and in organ capsules, the fibers are oriented in many different directions, and so the tissue is called ___________.

A

dense irregular

112
Q

has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers

A

Dense elastic connective tissue

113
Q

The collagenous fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil. True or False

A

False - elastic

114
Q

Elastic fibers are oriented in the same direction in elastic ligaments and in the vocal cords. True or False

115
Q

Oriented in many different directions in the walls of arteries

A

Dense elastic connective tissue

116
Q

composed of chondrocytes

117
Q

Cartilage is resilient because the proteoglycans of the matrix trap water, which makes the cartilage relatively rigid and enables it to spring back after being compressed. True or False

118
Q

most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions

CHOICES:
Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

119
Q

appear as coiled fibers among bundles of collagen fibers

CHOICES:
Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage

120
Q

has more collagen than
does hyaline cartilage, and bundles of collagen fibers
can be seen in the matrix.

CHOICES:
Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

121
Q

contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans

CHOICES:
Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage

122
Q

withstanding compression and able to resist pulling or tearing forces.

CHOICES:
Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

123
Q

forms the cartilage rings of the respiratory tract, the nasal cartilages, and the costal cartilages

CHOICES:
Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

124
Q

found in the disks between the vertebrae (bones of the back) and in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular (jaw) joints

CHOICES:
Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

125
Q

found in the external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube

CHOICES:
Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage

126
Q

a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix

127
Q

The strength and rigidity of the carbonized matrix enable bones to support and protect other tissues and organs. True or False

A

False - mineralized

128
Q

has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge

A

Spongy bone

129
Q

more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix

A

Compact bone

130
Q

unique due to the matrix being liquid, enabling blood cells and platelets, called formed elements, to move through blood vessels

131
Q

Its main function is to contract, shorten, making movement possible

A

Muscle tissue

132
Q

The length of muscle tissue is greater than the diameter. True or False

133
Q

Attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle

134
Q

Muscle of the heart

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Cardiac Muscle

135
Q

Forms the walls of hollow organs (except the heart)

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth Muscle

136
Q

Voluntary (under conscious control)

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle

137
Q

Tapered at each end, have a
single nucleus

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth Muscle

138
Q

Cylindrical but much shorter than skeletal muscle cells

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Cardiac Muscle

139
Q

Striated usually have one nucleus per cell

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Cardiac Muscle

140
Q

Straited or banded due to the arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle

141
Q

Often branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, contain specialized gap junctions, are important in coordinating the contractions of the cardiac muscle cells

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Cardiac Muscle

142
Q

Responsible for moving food through eh digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth Muscle

143
Q

Several nuclei per cell

CHOICES:
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle

144
Q

Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

A

Nervous Tissue

145
Q

Ability of nervous tissue cells to communicate with one another and with the cells of other tissues by means of electrical signals called ___________

A

action potentials

146
Q

responsible for conducting action potentials

147
Q

contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions

148
Q

nerve cell processes and receive stimuli leading to electrical changes that
either increase or decrease action potentials in the neuron’s axon

149
Q

nerve cell processes

150
Q

the support cells of the nervous system; they nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons.

151
Q

Thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity

A

Tissue Membranes

152
Q

Line cavities that open to the outside of the body

CHOICES:
Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

A

Mucous Membranes

153
Q

Line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body

CHOICES:
Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

A

Serous Membranes

154
Q

Line the cavities of freely movable joints

CHOICES:
Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

A

Synovial Membranes

155
Q

Consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, a thick layer of loose connective tissue

CHOICES:
Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

A

Mucous Membranes

156
Q

consist of three components: a layer of simple squamous epithelium, its basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue

CHOICES:
Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

A

Serous Membranes

157
Q

made up of only connective tissue and consist of modified connective tissue cells

CHOICES:
Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

A

Synovial Membranes

158
Q

The functions of _________ vary, depending on their location, but they include protection, absorption, and secretion.

CHOICES:
Mucous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Serous Membranes

A

Mucous Membranes

159
Q

makes the joint very slippery, thereby reducing friction and allowing smooth movement within the joint.

A

synovial fluid

160
Q

occurs when tissues are damaged

A

Inflammation

161
Q

Inflammation can also result from the immediate and painful events that follow trauma. True or False

162
Q

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function

A

the five major symptoms of inflammation

163
Q

the processes of inflammation are usually harmful. True or False

A

False - beneficial

164
Q

swelling of the tissues results when water, proteins, other substances from the blood move into the tissues

165
Q

substitution of viable cells for dead cells

A

Tissue repair

166
Q

Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis. True or False

167
Q

new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored

A

Regeneration

168
Q

replacement; a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function

169
Q

Injuries heal more rapidly and more completely for older people. True or False

A

False - younger

170
Q

Cells divide more slowly in older people compared to younger ones. True or False

AnaPhy (18 decks)

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