Chapter 5 - Integumentary Flashcards
What is the description of the Stratum lucidum?
A thin, translucent band consisting of a two to three rows of clear, flat, dead, keratinocytes
What are Melanocytes responsible for?
Skin pigment
What are Dendritic (Langerhans) cells?
They activate the immune system (in skin)
Which of the following lists the layers of the EPIDERMIS in thick skin in the correct order from DEEP to SUPERFICIAL?
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum (thick skin has 5 layers)
What is a description of a stratum basale?
Single row of cells mainly composed of keratinocyte stem cells. The deepest and most active layer of the epidermis.
What are 4 functions of hair?
Provides sun protection on the scalp, Protects against trauma on the scalp, filtration of particles into wet membranes (nose hair and eyelashes) and enables us to feel insects on our skin before they sting or bite
T or F: Hair is a source of warmth for humans
False, we do not have enough hair to provide significant temperature control
T or F: Hair is a source of warmth for humans
False, we do not have enough hair to provide significant temperature control
What are the 4 layers of thin skin EPIDERMIS from superficial to deep?
Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
The most common (and least malignant) type of cancer arises in what layer of skin?
Stratum basale (basal cell carcinoma) *Remember, cancer occurs fast in cells that reproduce at the highest rates, so since the basale divides quickly to refill upper layers, it is more prone to cancer than other layers of the epidermis.*
T or F: Exposure to UV radiation may damage folate that circulates in the blood within skin. Folate is an important B vitamin that is important for the reduction in neural tube defects in pregnant women.
True.
What epidermal component possesses a waterproofing glycolipid that functions in preventing water loss?
Lamellar granules
Which of the following cells function as sensory receptors for touch?
Merkel cells
Where are horny cells found and what are they?
They are found in the stratum corneum (horny layer) and are cells that are dead but their supporting fibers poke out of the collapsing cell, giving it a horned look.
Name some facts about the stratum corneum
- Superficial layer of the epidermis
- Full of dead cells (keratinocytes)
- Held together by desmosomes (or corneodesmosomes)
- Continuously being shed
- Composed of thin squamous cells
Bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps
Arrector Pili
White, crescent-shaped area under the nail’s proximal region
Lunule
True or False:
Hair’s main function in humans is to sense insects on the skin before they bite or sting us.
True
Excessive hairiness is also known as…
hirsutism
If an individual was unable to produce sebum, what problem would they most likely develop?
Their hair would become brittle and break easily
When do apocrine glands begin functioning?
Puberty
The expanded, deep region of a hair follicle is called…
Hair bulb
What type of disease may cause hirsutism in women?
Tumors of the adrenal or ovaries
What are some functions of sebum?
- Sebum softens and lubricates the hair and skin,
- prevents hair from becoming brittle, and
- slows water loss from the skin when external humidity is low.
- Perhaps even more important is its bactericidal (bacteriumkilling) action.
Apocrine sweat is often…. in color
Milky or yellowish
Where do apocrine ducts excrete their products?
The ducts empty into hair follicles
True or false:
We have over 1,000,000 apocrine sweat glands over our entire bodies.
False;
Apocrine sweat glands are almost entirely in the axillary and anal/genital regions and number about 2,000.
What do eccrine glands excrete?
Sweat: a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes, and lactic acid)
The actively growing part of the nail is called the…
Nail matrix
The role of ceruminous glands is to __________
earwax
Sebaceous glands are found…
All over the body except for the palms and the soils
Epidermis on which the nail rests
Nail bed
Mammary glands are found in the…
Pectoral region
Alopecia areata is…
A rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches
Free edge
Distal edge of the nail
Terminal hair is located in all of the following areas, except the __________.
body hair of females
What is vellus?
Vellus hair is the fine, soft hair of children and body hair of women
True or False?
Sweat is a hypertonic solution compared to plasma, containing high amounts of sodium.
False. Sweat is hypotonic and 99% water.
True or False?
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system regulates sweating.
True!
Alopecia is…
Loss of hair
Which of the following can lead to hair loss?
- Severe emotional trauma
- Fever
- Excessive Vitamin A
- None of these
- All of these
All of these
Sudoriferous glands produce what?
Sweat
White, crescent-shaped area under the nail’s proximal region is the ______.
Lunule
True or False:
Nails are primarily used to protect the capillary beds in the tip of the fingers and toes.
False.
Human nails correspond to the hooves or claws of other animals, and are essentially tools for picking things up!
Horizontal lines (Beau’s lines) across the nails may hint of ________.
Malnutrition
Yellow tinged nails can be a sign of what disorders?
Thyroid gland or respiratory disorders
Emotionally induced sweating begins on the _____, ______, and ______ before spreading to other areas of the body.
Palms, Soles, and Armpits/Axillary region
Where does heat-induced sweating begin?
Heat-induced sweating begins on the forehead and spreads inferiorly over the remainder of the body.
True or False:
Apocrine sudoriferous sweat glands are found in the pectoral region only
False:
Apocrine sudoriferous glands are found in the axillary, anal and genital regions
The actively growing part of the nail is called the ______.
Nail matrix
A patient comes in and you notice her nails have a distinct spoon shape. What might you test for?
Iron deficiency
The area under the free edge of the nail, is called the ______, also called the “quick”.
Hyponychium
Hypo=below
Nychium = nail
The coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows and scalp is __________ and grows in response to _________.
Terminus hair; androgens
