Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, physiology is the study of the function.
What are the levels of organization within the body?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal
What is the point of homeostasis?
To maintain a stable internal condition in a changing outside environment.
What happens if homeostasis is not maintained?
Disease or death if it cannot be rectified by feedback
How many organ systems are there? What are they?
11 - Skeletal, Muscular, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Urinary, Reproductive, Digestive, Endocrine, Respiratory, and Nervous.
What is axial vs. appendicular?
Axial is the head, neck, and trunk; appendicular is the limbs (including shoulders and hips).
Which organ system removes waste from the blood? Which organ of the system does the job?
The urinary - kidneys
What are the two major control systems of the body? What are the differences between the two?
Endocrine uses hormones and is slower; nervous is very quick and uses electrical
What is the only organ system that can be in different forms?
Reproductive
What are some of the functions of the lymphatic system?
It drains excess fluid from tissues and stores white blood cells (leokocytes).
What is the difference between the following planes: Sagittal, Midsagittal, Transverse, and Frontal?
Sigittal is a cut that divides the body in two sideways (left and right); midsagittal is a cut between the eyes dividing the body into two relatively equal sides; Frontal divides the body into back and front; Transverse divides the body into top and bottom (at any point).
What are the 5 pairs of directional terms?
Proximal vs. Distal; Superficial vs. Deep; Anterior vs. Posterior; Superior/Cranial vs. Inferior/Caudal; and Lateral vs. Medial vs. Intermediate.
The nose is _______ to the umbilicus (choose directional terms)
The nose is superior to the umbilicus
The wrist is ______ to the shoulder
Distal (farther from the trunk than the shoulder)
The knee is _______ to the foot
Proximal (closer to the trunk than the foot)
The eyes are ______ to the nose and ears
Intermediate (as one eye lies between the medial [nose] and lateral [ear])
What are the two major body cavities?
Dorsal, Ventral
The nose is ______ to the buttocks
Anterior, Superior
The shoulder is _________ to the chin
Lateral, posterior, inferior
What are the two cavities that contain only one organ?
Cranial, Vertebral
How are the two major cavities subdivided?
Dorsal = Cranial, Vertebral; Ventral = Thoracic, Abdominopelvic
The anatomical terms for the anterior head are
Orbital (eye), Buccal (cheek), Oral (mouth), Nasal (nose), Mental (chin), and Frontal (forehead)
What are the anatomical terms of the hip to the toes?
Coxal (hip), Femoral (thigh), Patellar (anterior knee), Popliteal (back of knee), Crural (front of lower leg), Sural (calf), Fibular/Peroneal (side of lower leg), Tarsal (ankle), Calcaneal (heel), Pedal (foot), Hallux (great toe) and Digital (toes), Plantar (sole).
What three anterior areas on the trunk are inferior to the umbilical region?
Pelvic (pelvis), Inguinal (groin), Pubic (genital region)
In the levels of organization, what is the chemical level?
Atoms combine to form molecules
What is the cellular level of organization?
Molecules form to create cells
What is the tissue level of organization?
Cells with a common function combine to form tissues
What is an organ?
A discrete structure composed of TWO OR MORE tissue types
What is the minimum number of tissue types in an organ?
Two
What is an organ system?
Multiple organs work together for a common purpose (filtration, reproduction, digestion, etc.)
What is the organismal level?
The entirety of the being
Even though the body appears to remain the same from moment to moment, it takes _____ on the part of the body to _______ ________.
Even though the body appears the same from moment to moment, it takes EFFORT/ENERGY on the part of the body to MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS.
What is the function of the Integumentary System? What are some parts that make it up?
It protects deeper tissues, protects the body from the outside world, and is made up of hair, nails, skin, and some glands.
What are some major jobs of the skeletal system? What makes it up? What special unexpected job does it do for us?
It protects important organs, provides structure and support, allows for movement in combination with muscle, and produces blood cells. It contains the bones and joints.
The muscular system allows for what? It works with what system?
Movement of the body, combined with the skeletal system, along with involuntary movements like heartbeats and digestion.
The nervous system and the endocrine system are what?
The two major control systems of the body.
What is a function of the nervous system?
It uses ELECTRICAL signals to quickly adjust body processes. (milliseconds to seconds)
What is a function of the endocrine system?
It uses hormones or CHEMICAL signals to allow for slower changes (minutes to years) in the body like growth.
What are some of the parts of the endocrine system?
pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, pancreas, adrenal, hypothalamus
What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?
Blood, heart, vascular (vessels that move blood through the body)
is O2 diastolic or systolic?
diastolic
What is the Lymphatic System composed of?
Lymphoid vessels and lymphoid tissues
Are there more blood vessels or lymphatic vessels?
Lymphatic vessels
What are some of the parts in the Lymphatic System?
Tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, vessels
What is the respiratory system used for?
Gas exchange (CO2 for O2), eliminating waste gases
How does gas exchange occur in the lungs? (Basic)
Air travels through the bronchi to reach alveoli sacs in the lungs
Where are nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract?
In the small intestine
Which body system eliminates indigestible material?
Digestive
What are some of the major parts of the Digestive System?
Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Esophagus
What is the job of the Digestive System?
It breaks down food into absorbable sizes and eliminates solid waste
What are some parts of the Urinary System?
Kidneys, Ureter, Urethra, Bladder
The kidneys produce urine by filtering________
Blood Plasma
Which system regulates water and electrolyte/ion balance?
Urinary
What type of waste does the Urinary System eliminate?
Chemical
What are the main reproductive organs in male and female?
Testes or copulatory organ in males, Ovaries (produces eggs) and Uterus (holds developing fetus) in females
