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Anatomy > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, physiology is the study of the function.

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2
Q

What are the levels of organization within the body?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

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3
Q

What is the point of homeostasis?

A

To maintain a stable internal condition in a changing outside environment.

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4
Q

What happens if homeostasis is not maintained?

A

Disease or death if it cannot be rectified by feedback

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5
Q

How many organ systems are there? What are they?

A

11 - Skeletal, Muscular, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Urinary, Reproductive, Digestive, Endocrine, Respiratory, and Nervous.

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6
Q

What is axial vs. appendicular?

A

Axial is the head, neck, and trunk; appendicular is the limbs (including shoulders and hips).

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7
Q

Which organ system removes waste from the blood? Which organ of the system does the job?

A

The urinary - kidneys

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8
Q

What are the two major control systems of the body? What are the differences between the two?

A

Endocrine uses hormones and is slower; nervous is very quick and uses electrical

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9
Q

What is the only organ system that can be in different forms?

A

Reproductive

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10
Q

What are some of the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

It drains excess fluid from tissues and stores white blood cells (leokocytes).

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11
Q

What is the difference between the following planes: Sagittal, Midsagittal, Transverse, and Frontal?

A

Sigittal is a cut that divides the body in two sideways (left and right); midsagittal is a cut between the eyes dividing the body into two relatively equal sides; Frontal divides the body into back and front; Transverse divides the body into top and bottom (at any point).

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12
Q

What are the 5 pairs of directional terms?

A

Proximal vs. Distal; Superficial vs. Deep; Anterior vs. Posterior; Superior/Cranial vs. Inferior/Caudal; and Lateral vs. Medial vs. Intermediate.

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13
Q

The nose is _______ to the umbilicus (choose directional terms)

A

The nose is superior to the umbilicus

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14
Q

The wrist is ______ to the shoulder

A

Distal (farther from the trunk than the shoulder)

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15
Q

The knee is _______ to the foot

A

Proximal (closer to the trunk than the foot)

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16
Q

The eyes are ______ to the nose and ears

A

Intermediate (as one eye lies between the medial [nose] and lateral [ear])

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17
Q

What are the two major body cavities?

A

Dorsal, Ventral

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18
Q

The nose is ______ to the buttocks

A

Anterior, Superior

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19
Q

The shoulder is _________ to the chin

A

Lateral, posterior, inferior

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20
Q

What are the two cavities that contain only one organ?

A

Cranial, Vertebral

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21
Q

How are the two major cavities subdivided?

A

Dorsal = Cranial, Vertebral; Ventral = Thoracic, Abdominopelvic

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22
Q

The anatomical terms for the anterior head are

A

Orbital (eye), Buccal (cheek), Oral (mouth), Nasal (nose), Mental (chin), and Frontal (forehead)

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23
Q

What are the anatomical terms of the hip to the toes?

A

Coxal (hip), Femoral (thigh), Patellar (anterior knee), Popliteal (back of knee), Crural (front of lower leg), Sural (calf), Fibular/Peroneal (side of lower leg), Tarsal (ankle), Calcaneal (heel), Pedal (foot), Hallux (great toe) and Digital (toes), Plantar (sole).

24
Q

What three anterior areas on the trunk are inferior to the umbilical region?

A

Pelvic (pelvis), Inguinal (groin), Pubic (genital region)

25
Q

In the levels of organization, what is the chemical level?

A

Atoms combine to form molecules

26
Q

What is the cellular level of organization?

A

Molecules form to create cells

27
Q

What is the tissue level of organization?

A

Cells with a common function combine to form tissues

28
Q

What is an organ?

A

A discrete structure composed of TWO OR MORE tissue types

29
Q

What is the minimum number of tissue types in an organ?

A

Two

30
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Multiple organs work together for a common purpose (filtration, reproduction, digestion, etc.)

31
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

The entirety of the being

32
Q

Even though the body appears to remain the same from moment to moment, it takes _____ on the part of the body to _______ ________.

A

Even though the body appears the same from moment to moment, it takes EFFORT/ENERGY on the part of the body to MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS.

33
Q

What is the function of the Integumentary System? What are some parts that make it up?

A

It protects deeper tissues, protects the body from the outside world, and is made up of hair, nails, skin, and some glands.

34
Q

What are some major jobs of the skeletal system? What makes it up? What special unexpected job does it do for us?

A

It protects important organs, provides structure and support, allows for movement in combination with muscle, and produces blood cells. It contains the bones and joints.

35
Q

The muscular system allows for what? It works with what system?

A

Movement of the body, combined with the skeletal system, along with involuntary movements like heartbeats and digestion.

36
Q

The nervous system and the endocrine system are what?

A

The two major control systems of the body.

37
Q

What is a function of the nervous system?

A

It uses ELECTRICAL signals to quickly adjust body processes. (milliseconds to seconds)

38
Q

What is a function of the endocrine system?

A

It uses hormones or CHEMICAL signals to allow for slower changes (minutes to years) in the body like growth.

39
Q

What are some of the parts of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, pancreas, adrenal, hypothalamus

40
Q

What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood, heart, vascular (vessels that move blood through the body)

41
Q

is O2 diastolic or systolic?

A

diastolic

42
Q

What is the Lymphatic System composed of?

A

Lymphoid vessels and lymphoid tissues

43
Q

Are there more blood vessels or lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic vessels

44
Q

What are some of the parts in the Lymphatic System?

A

Tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, vessels

45
Q

What is the respiratory system used for?

A

Gas exchange (CO2 for O2), eliminating waste gases

46
Q

How does gas exchange occur in the lungs? (Basic)

A

Air travels through the bronchi to reach alveoli sacs in the lungs

47
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract?

A

In the small intestine

48
Q

Which body system eliminates indigestible material?

A

Digestive

49
Q

What are some of the major parts of the Digestive System?

A

Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Esophagus

50
Q

What is the job of the Digestive System?

A

It breaks down food into absorbable sizes and eliminates solid waste

51
Q

What are some parts of the Urinary System?

A

Kidneys, Ureter, Urethra, Bladder

52
Q

The kidneys produce urine by filtering________

A

Blood Plasma

53
Q

Which system regulates water and electrolyte/ion balance?

A

Urinary

54
Q

What type of waste does the Urinary System eliminate?

A

Chemical

55
Q

What are the main reproductive organs in male and female?

A

Testes or copulatory organ in males, Ovaries (produces eggs) and Uterus (holds developing fetus) in females

Anatomy (10 decks)

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