chapter 5: identity: race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality Flashcards
gender
social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between sexes. Notions of gender differences– that is, what is considered “feminine” or “masculine” – vary greatly over time and space
identity
“how we make sense of ourselves;” how people see themselves at different scales - geographer Jillian Rose
identifying against
constructing an identity by first defining the “other” and then defining ourselves as “not the other”
race
a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on ideas that some biological differences are more important than others. Roots from 16th cent England & European colonialism
racism
a system or attitude toward visible differences in individuals, racism is an ideology of difference that ascribes (predominantly neg) significance and meaning to culturally, socially and politically constructed ideas based on phenotypical features.
residential segregation
the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment – geographers Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton
succession
process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate areas/neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups.
ex. puerto ricans & the jewish in East Harlem
sense of place
state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character
ethnicity
affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture
space
“social relations stretched out” – Doreen Massey and Pat Jess
place
the uniqueness of a location
gendered
in terms of place, whether the place is designed or claimed by men or women
queer theory
highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of “queers” with the heteronormative – Glen Elder, Lawrence Knopp, & Heidi Nast
dowry deaths
in the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride
barrioization
the dramatic increase in hispanic population in a given neighborhood – geographer James Curtis
USA & Race
historically: “white” or “nonwhite”
fastest growing population in the US
hispanics
hispanics are their own
ethnicity
degrees of separation patterns
- evenness
- exposure
- concentrated
- centralized
- clustered
racial segregation: evenness
how even is the population?
racial segregation: exposure
how much are different races exposed to one another?
racial segregation: concentrated
how concentrated is a group in a particular area?
racial segregation: centralized
how much of a group is in the middle of the city?
racial segregation: clustered
how spacially clustered is a group
succession of groups
puerto ricans → jewish neighborhoods
dominicans → african american neighborhoods
mexicans, chinese, puerto ricans → marginalized groups
succession of groups
puerto ricans → jewish neighborhoods
dominicans → african american neighborhoods
mexicans, chinese, puerto ricans → marginalized groups
ethnos
people or nation; having a sense of belonging or “belongingness” to a group or place
cultural identity
- complex
- creates conflicts with ethnicities
ethnic groups typically
cluster together
are small
are cohesive
stand apart from their surrounding culture
mexicali
russians, germans, indians, chinese*, & japanese
gay community
- sf, london
- distinct
- reject heteronormative
→ pride parades, neighborhoods
power relationships
control and have power over others
historically: straight white men
limit access of others (suppression)
affects identity
suppressed in US
african americans: 3/5
natives: reservations
women
womens’ suppression
- suffrage
- not counted in GNI (gross natl. income)
vulnerable populations
women and children
women in poor countries
produce 50% of food, have limited access to food
build homes, dig wells, make clothes
1st to get fired bc not “breadwinners”, paid less, less access to education
informal economic activity uncounted in GNI
tangible resources
income, housing
intangible resources
social status, family structure, social network
women - subsaharan africa
few rights, many responsibilities, 12 hr workday 7 days p/wk → overworked & in poverty
women - india
male dominated society bc daughters are seen as a burden
high sexism → “raising a daughter us like watering your neighbors garden”
dowry deaths
