chapter 2: population and health Flashcards
population density
a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
arithmetic population density
the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. population of areal unit/number of km^2 (or mi^2) in that unit
physiological population distribution
the number of people per unit area of arable land
population distribution
description of locations on the earth’s surface where populations live ex. the population is scarce in most of australia
dot map
maps where one dot represents a certain number of phenomenon, such as population
megalopolis
term for extremely large cities
census
a periodic and official count of a country’s population
total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years
old-age dependency ratio
the number of people 65 years old for every 100 people between the ages 15-64
child dependency ratio
the number of people between the ages 0-14 for every 100 people between the ages 15-64
doubling time
the time required for a population to double in size
population explosion
the rapid growth of the world’s population during the past century, attended by ever shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
zero population growth
a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of death is exactly offset by the number of births
crude birth rate (CBR)
the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
crude death rate (CDR)
the number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population
natural increase
population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths. Natural increase does not reflect immigration or emigration movement
demographic transition
multistage model of changes in pop growth exhibited by countries under-going industrialization. High birth & death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at an overall low level
stationary population level (SPL)
the level at which a national population ceases to grow
population composition
structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education
population pyramids
visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each group is represented by a horizontal bar that represents its relationship to the total population
infant mortality rate (IMR)
a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population
child mortality rate (CMR)
a figure that describes the number of children that die between 1-5 in a given population
life expectancy
a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live.
infectious diseases
diseases that are spread by bacteria , viruses, or parasites. diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human
chronic or degenerative diseases
generally long lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies
genetic or inherited diseases
diseases that are passed down through generations
endemic
when a disease spreads only in one region
epidemic
when a disease spreads only in one country
pandemic
the worldwide spread of a disease
malaria
vectored disease spread by mosquitoes that carry the malaria parasite in their saliva and which kills approximately 150,000 children in the global periphery each month
AIDS
immune system disease caused by HIV, which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected persons demise
expansive population policies
government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
eugenic population policies
government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others
restrictive population policies
government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural population increase
one-child policy
china’s policy of one child per family to slow population growth
