chapter 3: migration Flashcards
bracero program
a 1940s-era US government program designed to encourage Mexicans to come to the US to work as contract laborers
refugee camps
temporary settlements set up to accommodate people who flee their homelands in the face of civil unrest, oppression, or warfare
remittances
money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries
reverse remittances
money flowing from Mexico to the US
cyclic movement
movement – for example, nomadic migration – that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally
daily movement
periodic movement
movement – for example, college attendance or military service– that involves temporary or recurrent location
away for a long period of time
migration
a change in residence intended to be permanent
activity spaces
space within which daily activity occurs
nomadism
movement among a definite set of places – often cyclic movement
transhumance
a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
International migration
human movement involving movement across international boundaries
emigration
the act of a person leaving a country or area to settle elsewhere
immigration
the act of a person migrating into a new country or area
internal migration
human movements within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the united states
forced migration
human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate
voluntary migration
movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to
human trafficking
a form of forced migration in which organized criminal elements move people illegally from one place to another, typically either to work as involuntary laborers or to participate in the commercial sex trade
laws of migration
developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predicted the flow of migrants
gravity model
a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them
push fcators
negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale
ex.
- working conditions (not enough pay)
- cost of living
- poor personal safety (wartime)
- catastrophe
pull factors
positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas
ex.
- result of perception
- better jobs
- safer
- positive images & expectations
distance decay
the effects of distance in interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction
step migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town or city
intervening opportunity
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
deportation
the act of a government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrant’s home country
kinship links
types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant’s decision to go where family or friends have already found success
chain migration
pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (ie. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn migrate there)
immigration wave
phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination
colonization
physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land
guest worker
guest worker who has a work visa, usually a short term
regional scale
interactions occurring within a region, ina. regional setting
migration
a change in residence intended to be permanent
islands of development
place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
russiafication
the soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former soviet union
refugees
people who have fled their country because of political persecution and to seek asylum in another country
internally displaced persons
people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
asylum
shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state
repatriation
a refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization
immigration laws
laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state
selective immigration
process to control immigration on which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating (ie. criminal records, poor health, subversive activities)
ravenstein theory
laws of migration
1. when people move there is a counter movement
2. majority of the people moving only move a short distance
3. if move long distance → cities
4. urbanites less migratory than rural folks
5. family = less likely to move internationally
types of push and pull factors
legal status, economic reasons, power relationships, politics
major migration routes
1 europe → na ( colonial period )
2 S europe → s & central america (cp)
3 british → africa & australia (cp)
4 importation of africans to w hemisphere ( slavery )
5 indians → E africa, SE asia, & caribbean [brit colonies]
6 chinese migrants → s asia
7 westward migration in US
8 eastward migration russia → central asia
regional movement
- reconnecting with cultures
- fleeing conflict
- migratory workers
- war / political unrest
- island of development
- laborers moving to se asia (thailand, malay, singapore, philippines
- discovery of oil
national movement: economic opportunities
- US before 1950
manifest destiny
the great migration
movement s - russia
e movement
assimilation of minorities
rr + naval base - guest workers
from mexico away from internal struggles
national movement: violence & displacement
- africa
tragic war / genocide - Middle east
war in poor countries
palestine conflict - balkans
genocide in bosnia and serbia
national movement: drugs
latin america
- drug wars
columbia → venez. → haiti → dom rep → mex → us
- haiti
earthquake, hurricane, assassination, outbreak
legal restrictions on immigration
chinese exclusion act
aus: nonwhite exculsion
quotas & isolationism (2→3%)
usa and immigration
wasp pop (white anglosax protestants)
no irish
se europe immigrants
isolationism
9/11 and security → deterring from muslim countries
countries with chinese migrants
philippines, thailand, myanmar, singapore, indonesia, vietnam
map refugees
iraq & afghanistan highest
expanding slums
mumbai, india
60% pop in shanties
