chapter 3: migration

Question 1

bracero program

Answer 1

a 1940s-era US government program designed to encourage Mexicans to come to the US to work as contract laborers

Question 2

refugee camps

Answer 2

temporary settlements set up to accommodate people who flee their homelands in the face of civil unrest, oppression, or warfare

Question 3

remittances

Answer 3

money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Question 4

reverse remittances

Answer 4

money flowing from Mexico to the US

Question 5

cyclic movement

Answer 5

movement – for example, nomadic migration – that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

daily movement

Question 6

periodic movement

Answer 6

movement – for example, college attendance or military service– that involves temporary or recurrent location

away for a long period of time

Question 7

migration

Answer 7

a change in residence intended to be permanent

Question 8

activity spaces

Answer 8

space within which daily activity occurs

Question 9

nomadism

Answer 9

movement among a definite set of places – often cyclic movement

Question 10

transhumance

Answer 10

a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Question 11

International migration

Answer 11

human movement involving movement across international boundaries

Question 12

emigration

Answer 12

the act of a person leaving a country or area to settle elsewhere

Question 13

immigration

Answer 13

the act of a person migrating into a new country or area

Question 14

internal migration

Answer 14

human movements within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the united states

Question 15

forced migration

Answer 15

human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate

Question 16

voluntary migration

Answer 16

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to

Question 17

human trafficking

Answer 17

a form of forced migration in which organized criminal elements move people illegally from one place to another, typically either to work as involuntary laborers or to participate in the commercial sex trade

Question 18

laws of migration

Answer 18

developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predicted the flow of migrants

Question 19

gravity model

Answer 19

a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them

Question 20

push fcators

Answer 20

negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale

ex.
- working conditions (not enough pay)
- cost of living
- poor personal safety (wartime)
- catastrophe

Question 21

pull factors

Answer 21

positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

ex.
- result of perception
- better jobs
- safer
- positive images & expectations

Question 22

distance decay

Answer 22

the effects of distance in interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Question 23

step migration

Answer 23

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town or city

Question 24

intervening opportunity

Answer 24

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

Question 25

deportation

Answer 25

the act of a government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrant's home country

Question 26

kinship links

Answer 26

types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success

Question 27

chain migration

Answer 27

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (ie. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn migrate there)

Question 28

immigration wave

Answer 28

phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination

Question 29

colonization

Answer 29

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

Question 30

guest worker

Answer 30

guest worker who has a work visa, usually a short term

Question 31

regional scale

Answer 31

interactions occurring within a region, ina. regional setting

Question 32

migration

Answer 32

a change in residence intended to be permanent

Question 33

islands of development

Answer 33

place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

Question 34

russiafication

Answer 34

the soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former soviet union

Question 35

refugees

Answer 35

people who have fled their country because of political persecution and to seek asylum in another country

Question 36

internally displaced persons

Answer 36

people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee

Question 37

asylum

Answer 37

shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

Question 38

repatriation

Answer 38

a refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization

Question 39

immigration laws

Answer 39

laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

Question 40

selective immigration

Answer 40

process to control immigration on which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating (ie. criminal records, poor health, subversive activities)

Question 41

ravenstein theory

Answer 41

laws of migration 1. when people move there is a counter movement 2. majority of the people moving only move a short distance 3. if move long distance → cities 4. urbanites less migratory than rural folks 5. family = less likely to move internationally

Question 42

types of push and pull factors

Answer 42

legal status, economic reasons, power relationships, politics

Question 43

major migration routes

Answer 43

1 europe → na ( colonial period ) 2 S europe → s & central america (cp) 3 british → africa & australia (cp) 4 importation of africans to w hemisphere ( slavery ) 5 indians → E africa, SE asia, & caribbean [brit colonies] 6 chinese migrants → s asia 7 westward migration in US 8 eastward migration russia → central asia

Question 44

regional movement

Answer 44

- reconnecting with cultures - fleeing conflict - migratory workers - war / political unrest - island of development - laborers moving to se asia (thailand, malay, singapore, philippines - discovery of oil

Question 45

national movement: economic opportunities

Answer 45

- US before 1950 manifest destiny the great migration movement s - russia e movement assimilation of minorities rr + naval base - guest workers from mexico away from internal struggles

Question 46

national movement: violence & displacement

Answer 46

- africa tragic war / genocide - Middle east war in poor countries palestine conflict - balkans genocide in bosnia and serbia

Question 47

national movement: drugs

Answer 47

latin america - drug wars columbia → venez. → haiti → dom rep → mex → us - haiti earthquake, hurricane, assassination, outbreak

Question 48

legal restrictions on immigration

Answer 48

chinese exclusion act aus: nonwhite exculsion quotas & isolationism (2→3%)

Question 49

usa and immigration

Answer 49

wasp pop (white anglosax protestants) no irish se europe immigrants isolationism 9/11 and security → deterring from muslim countries

Question 50

countries with chinese migrants

Answer 50

philippines, thailand, myanmar, singapore, indonesia, vietnam

Question 51

map refugees

Answer 51

iraq & afghanistan highest

Question 52

expanding slums

Answer 52

mumbai, india 60% pop in shanties