chapter 11: agriculture

Question 1

organic agriculture

Answer 1

Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.

Question 2

agriculture

Answer 2

The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

Question 3

primary economic activity

Answer 3

direct extraction of natural resources mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.

Question 4

secondary economic activity

Answer 4

pro- cessing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products

Question 5

tertiary economic activity

Answer 5

provision of services
transportation, banking, retailing, educa- tion, and routine office-based jobs.

Question 6

quaternary economic activity

Answer 6

collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital.

finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Question 7

quinary economic activity

Answer 7

scientific research and high-level management.

Question 8

plant domestication

Answer 8

Genetic modification of a plant such that its re- productive success depends on human intervention.

Question 9

root crops

Answer 9

Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants.

propigation

Question 10

seed crops

Answer 10

Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.

Question 11

first agricultural revolution

Answer 11

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication.

Question 12

animal domestication

Answer 12

Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

Question 13

subsistence agriculture

Answer 13

Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consump- tion, not for trade.

Question 14

shifting cultivation

Answer 14

Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning.

Question 15

slash and burn agriculture

Answer 15

Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning.

Question 16

second agricultural revolution

Answer 16

Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.

Question 17

von thunen model

Answer 17

1 inner central city- market gardening
2 forest
3 field crips and grains
4 ranching and livestock

Question 18

third agricultural revolution

Answer 18

Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).

Question 19

biotechnology

Answer 19

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Question 20

green revolution

Answer 20

the recently successful development of higher- yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs.

Question 21

genetically modified organisms

Answer 21

Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.

Question 22

rectangular survey system

Answer 22

Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the U.S. Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.

Question 23

township and range system

Answer 23

A rectangular land division scheme de- signed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior. See also rectangular survey system.

Question 24

metes and bounds system

Answer 24

A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the im- precise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.

Question 25

long lot survey system

Answer 25

Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

Question 26

primogeniture

Answer 26

System which the eldest son in a family—or, in excep- tional cases, daughter—inherits all of a dying parent’s land.

Question 27

commercial agriculture

Answer 27

large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.

Question 28

monoculture

Answer 28

Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.

Question 29

koppen climatic classification system

Answer 29

a system for classifying the world’s climates on the basis of tem- perature and precipitation.

Question 30

climatic regions

Answer 30

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Question 31

plantation agriculture

Answer 31

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorga- nized as cooperatives.

Question 32

livestock ranching

Answer 32

The raising of domesticated animals for the pro- duction of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool.

Question 33

mediterranean agriculture

Answer 33

Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.

Question 34

cash crops

Answer 34

crops that are in high demand and make a lot of money ex. sugar

Question 35

luxury crops

Answer 35

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

Question 36

agribusiness

Answer 36

General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.

Question 37

food desert

Answer 37

an area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food.

Question 38

hearths of first rev

Answer 38

se asia
sw asia
mesoamerica
china (could be the first?)
w africs