Chapter 5 - Human Movement Science Flashcards
1
Q
Movement
A
Represents the integrated functioning of the 3 main systems within the body
2
Q
Biomechanics Definition
A
The study of applying laws of mechanics and physics to determine how forces affect human movement
3
Q
Superior
A
Positioned above a point of reference
4
Q
Inferior
A
Positioned below a point of reference
5
Q
Proximal
A
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
6
Q
Distal
A
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference
7
Q
Anterior (Ventral)
A
On the front of the body
8
Q
Posterior (Dorsal)
A
On the back of the body
9
Q
Medial
A
Positioned near the midline of the body
10
Q
Lateral
A
Positioned toward the outside of the body
11
Q
Contralateral
A
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
12
Q
Contralateral EX
A
Right foot is contralateral to left hand
13
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Positioned on the same side of the body
14
Q
Ipsilateral EX
A
Right foot is ipsilateral to right hand
15
Q
3 Planes of Motion
A
Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse
16
Q
Motions in Those Planes
A
No motion occurs strictly in one plane of motion
-Joint Motion
17
Q
Joint Motion
A
Movement in a plane occurs on an axis running perpendicular to that plane
18
Q
Sagittal Plane Division
A
Divides body into left and right halves
19
Q
Sagittal Plane Motion Axis
A
Sagittal plane occurs around a coronal axis
20
Q
Movements in Sagittal Plane
A
Flexion and Extension
21
Q
Flexion
A
Decreasing joint angle
22
Q
Extension
A
Increasing joint angle
23
Q
Hyperextension
A
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
24
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
Point toe up (Flexion)
25
Plantar Flexion
Point toe down (Extension)
26
Knee Flexion
Bring heel to butt
27
Knee Extension
Moving heel away from butt at the knee
28
Hip Flexion
High Knee and bend forward at trunk as if touching toes
29
Hip Extension
Knee straight, push heel back
30
Spinal Flexion
Arch back forward
31
Spinal Extension
Push chest forward, lean back
32
Elbow Flexion
Bicep curl
33
Elbow Extension
Tricep pushdown
34
Shoulder Flexion
Raise arm up straight in front of body in sagittal plane
35
Shoulder Extension
Arm goes back straight behind body
36
Cervical Flexion
Bow head straight down
37
Cervical Extension
Look straight up toward sky
38
(7) EXS of Sagittal Plane Movements
- Bicep Curls
- Tricep pushdowns
- Squat
- Front Lunge
- Calf Raise
- Walking
- Running
39
Frontal Plane Division
Divides body to create front and back halves
40
Frontal Plane Motion Axis
Frontal plane motion occurs around an anterior-posterior axis
41
Frontal Plane Movements (3)
- Abduction and adduction in the limbs
- Lateral flexion of the spine
- Eversion and inversion of foot and ankle
42
Abduction Definition
A movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane
43
Adduction Definition
A movement toward the midline of the body
44
Lateral Flexion
The bending of the spine from side to side
45
Eversion
Bottom of foot points out
46
Inversion
Bottom of foot points in
47
Hip Abduction
Laterally lift leg away from body
48
Hip Adduction
Laterally bring leg into body
49
Shoulder Abduction
Laterally raise arm above head
50
Shoulder Adduction
Laterally bringing arm into body
51
Cervical Lateral Flexion
Side to side bending of head
52
(3) EXS of Frontal Plane Movements
- Side lateral raises
- Side lunges
- Side shuffling
53
Transverse Plane Division
Divides body to create upper and lower halves
54
Transverse Plane Motion Axis
Transverse plane motion occurs around a longitudinal or vertical axis
55
Transverse Plane Movements (4)
- Internal and external rotation for the limbs
- Right and left rotation for the head and trunk
- Horizontal abduction and adduction of the limbs
- Radioulnar pronation and supination
56
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
57
External Rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
58
Horizontal Abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plan from an anterior position to lateral position
59
Horizontal Adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
60
Hip External Rotation
Turn toes outward (abduction)
61
Hip Internal Rotation
Turn toes inward (adduction)
62
Radioulnar Supination
Palms facing up/forwards
63
Radioulnar Pronation
Palms facing down/backwards
64
Shoulder External Rotation
90 degree angle at elbow, turn forearm out to open chest
65
Shoulder Internal Rotation
Bring forearm into body
66
Shoulder Horizontal Abduction
Move arms in transverse plan from an anterior position to a lateral position
67
Shoulder Horizontal Adduction
Move arms in transverse plan from a lateral position to an anterior position
68
Spinal Rotation
Rotate spine along transverse plane
69
Cervical Rotation
Look left or right
70
Scapular Motions
Motions of the shoulder blades
- Retraction
- Protraction
- Elevation
- Depression
71
Scapular Retraction
Shoulder blades come together, move toward midline
72
Scapular Protraction
Shoulder blades move further away from each, away from midline
73
Scapular Elevation
Shoulder blades move up towards ears
74
Scapular Depression
Shoulder blades move downwards
75
3 Types of Muscle Actions
- Isotonic (Eccentric and Concentric)
- Isometric
- Isokinetic
76
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion
-concentric and eccentric
77
Eccentric Muscle Action
Occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
- Decelerates or reduces force
- Moves in same direction as resistant or force
- Known as a negative
78
Concentric Muscle Action
Occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistance force; resulting in shortening of the muscle
-Synonymous with acceleration
79
Isometric Muscle Action
Occurs when the contractile force is equal to the resistive force, leading to no visible change in the muscle length
- Can be observed when an individual pauses during a resistance training exercise
- Used to dynamically stabilize the body
80
Isokinetic Muscle Action
Occurs when a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
-Requires expensive and sophisticated equipment
81
Force Definition
An influence applied by one object to another which results in acceleration or deceleration of the second object
-Characterized by magnitude (how much) and direction
82
HMS and Muscular Force
The HMS is designed to manipulate variable forces from a multitude of directions to effectively produce movement
83
Length-Tension Relationships
Refers to the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
84
Optimal Muscle Length
The place where actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere have the greatest degree of overlap leading to maximal force production of that muscle
85
Force-Velocity Curve
Refers to the relationship of muscle's ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities
86
Concentric Contraction on the Force-Velocity Curve
As the velocity of a concentric muscle action increases, its ability to produce force decreases
87
Eccentric Contraction on the Force-Velocity Curve
As the velocity of an eccentric muscle action increases, its ability to produce force increases
88
Force-Couple Relationships
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
89
Proper HMS Movements
Requires proper force-couple relationships, which requires correct length-tension relationships and the joints having proper arthrokinematics
90
Force and Leverage
The amount of force the HMS can produce is also dependent on the lever system of the joint
91
Components of a Lever
A rigid bar that pivots around a stationary fulcrum (pivot point)
92
The Human Body and Levers
- Fulcrum: Joint axis
- Bones: levers
- Muscles: effort, create the motion
- Resistance: body part or added weight
93
3 Classifications of Levers
-First, second, and third-class levers
94
First-Class Levers
Fulcrum is in middle like a seesaw
95
First-Class Lever EX
Nodding the head, top of spinal column is fulcrum
96
Second-Class Levers
Resistance is in the middle with fulcrum and effort on either side, like a wheelbarrow
97
Second-Class Lever EX
Calf Raise
- ball of foot is fulcrum
- body weight is resistance
- calf musculature applies the effort
98
Third-Class Levers
Effort is placed between the resistance and the fulcrum
| -Most limbs of the body
99
Third-Class Lever EX
Forearm and bicep curl
- Elbow is fulcrum
- effort is biceps muscle
- Resistance is dumbbell
100
Rotary Motion
Movement of the bones (levers) around the joints (axis)
101
Torque
A force that produces rotation
| -Common unit is newton-meter or Nm
102
Motor Behavior Definition
Motor response to internal and external envirnmental stimuli
-Collective study of motor control, motor learning, and motor development
103
Motor Control
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory info with previous experiences to produce a motor response
104
Motor Learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
105
Motor Development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
106
Muscle Synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement
-Simplifies movement by allowing muscles and joints to operate as a functional unit
107
Muscle Synergies EXS
- Quads, hamstrings, glutes during a squat
| - Delts, rotator cuff, traps during a shoulder press
108
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position, limb movements, and sensation as it pertains to muscle and joint force
109
Sensorimotor Integration
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
110
Sensorimotor Integration and Form
Improper form will develop improper sensory information delivered to the CNS leading to altered length tension relationships, force couple relationships, and arthrokinematics
111
Motor Learning and Feedback
For a movement to occur repeatedly sensory information and sensorimotor integration be used
112
Feedback Definition
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the HMS in motor learning
113
Two Types of Feedback
Internal and External
114
Internal Feedback
Sensory Feedback
-The process whereby sensory info is used by the body via LT relationships, FC relationships, and arthrokinematics to reactively monitor movement and the environment
115
External Feedback
Augmented Feedback
| -Information provided by an external source such as a trainer, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor
116
Knowledge of Results
Used after the completion of a movement to help inform a client about the outcome of the performance
-Increases client's awareness and augments other forms of sensory feedback
117
Knowledge of Performance
Provides information about the quality of the movement during exercise
-Allows for the ID of performance errors and help improve effective performance outcomes in the future
