Chapter 4 - Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics

Question 1

Food and Energy

Answer 1

Food is main source of energy

• Food broken down into substrates
• Energy in these substrates (macros) is then chemically released in cells and stored in the form of ATP

Question 2

Bioenergetics

Answer 2

The study of energy being transformed through various biochemical reactions

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

All of the chemical rxns that occur in the body to maintain itself
-The process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body

Question 4

Exercise Metabolism

Answer 4

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise

Question 5

Substrates

Answer 5

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

An important source of energy, all eventually broken down in the body to glucose

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

A simple sugar manufactured by the body from the carbs, proteins, and fats that serve as the body’s main source of fuel
-Circulates body and is either used or stored as energy

Question 8

Glycogen

Answer 8

The complex carb molecule used to store carbs in the liver and muscle cells
-When carb energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells

Question 9

Fats

Answer 9

Help the body use some vitamins and keep skin healthy, also stores energy for the body

Question 10

Two Types of Fats

Answer 10

Saturated and Unsaturated

Question 11

Triglycerides

Answer 11

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists

Question 12

Protein

Answer 12

Amino Acids linked by peptide bonds that have several essential biologic compounds

Question 13

Protein and Energy

Answer 13

Protein rarely supplies much energy to the body during exercise

Question 14

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

The formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources, such as AA’s

Question 15

ATP

Answer 15

Adenosine Triphosphate

-One of the primary sources of immediate energy for cellular metabolism

Question 16

Releasing Energy

Answer 16

Energy is released when chemical bonds that hold ATP together are broken (Leads to ADP)

Question 17

ADP

Answer 17

Adenosine Diphosphate

-A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which ATP is formed (reattaches a phosphate group)

Question 18

Energy and Muscle Contraction

Answer 18

• Energy and ATP facilitates muscle contraction
• An enzyme at the cross bridges seperates a phosphate group releasing energy to contract the muscle
• One muscle contraction requires two ATP’s

Question 19

2 Factors Defining Exercise

Answer 19

Intensity and duration

-Inversely related

Question 20

Identifying the Predominate Energy System Being Used

Answer 20

Is determined by identifying where an exercise is located in relation to duration and intensity

Question 21

Used Energy Released from ATP

Answer 21

Only 40 percent in actually used, remainder released as heat

Question 22

Enzyme ATPase

Answer 22

Is the enzyme that splits the phosphate group off ATP, releasing energy

Question 23

Phosphate released

Answer 23

Leaves ADP and an inorganic phosphate molecule (Pi) remaining

Question 24

Before Releasing More Energy

Answer 24

Another phosphate must be added to ADP through a process called phosphorylation

Question 25

Phosphorylation

Answer 25

Adding another phosphate to an ADP

Question 26

The 3 Metabolic Pathways in Which Cells Can Generate ATP

Answer 26

1) ATP-PC System (Anaerobic) 2) The Glycolytic System (Glycolysis) (Aerobic or Anaerobic) 3) The Oxidative System (Oxidative Phosphorylation) (Aerobic)

Question 27

ATP-PC System

Answer 27

Transfers phosphate from another high-energy molecule called phosphocreatine (PC) to an ADP molecule -Simplest and fastest of energy systems and occurs without the presence of oxygen

Question 28

ATP-PC Energy System

Answer 28

Immediate Energy | -Short term high intensity

Question 29

The Glycolytic System (Glycolysis)

Answer 29

Uses anaerobic glycolysis

Question 30

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Answer 30

The chemical breakdown of glucose

Question 31

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Answer 31

A compound that glucose or glycogen must convert to before generating energy

Question 32

ATP Required for G-6-P Conversion

Answer 32

Requires 1 ATP from glucose conversion and 0 ATP from glycogen conversion

Question 33

Glycolysis ATP End-Result

Answer 33

Glucose: 2 ATP for each unit of glucose Glycogen: 3 ATP for each unit of glycogen

Question 34

Aerobic Glycolysis and Anaerobic Glycolysis Difference

Answer 34

Aerobic Glycolysis: Glucose or glycogen is broken down into pyruvic acid Anaerobic Glycolysis: broken down into lactic acid

Question 35

Anaerobic Glycolysis Energy System Exercise

Answer 35

Short-term energy system | -30-50 second, 8-12 rep range

Question 36

The Oxidative System (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

Answer 36

- The most complex of the 3 energy systems - Uses substrated with the aid of oxygen to generate ATP - 3 aerobic processes (require oxygen)

Question 37

3 Aerobic Processes of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 37

1) Aerobic Glycolysis 2) The Krebs Cycle 3) The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 38

1) Aerobic Glycolysis

Answer 38

Produces pyruvic acid which is converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) with the presence of oxygen

Question 39

Acetyl CoA

Answer 39

An important molecule in metabolism that contributes substrate for use in the second oxidative production of ATP (Krebs Cycle)

Question 40

Complete Oxidation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 40

Produces 2 units of ATP, CO2, and Hydrogen

Question 41

Hydrogen Ions from Aerobic Glycolysis

Answer 41

Combine with other enzymes and provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP in the third process of oxidation (ETC)

Question 42

Complete Metabolism of Single Glucose Molecule

Answer 42

Produces between 35-40 ATP

Question 43

Metabolizing Fat Aerobically

Answer 43

B-Oxidation

Question 44

B-Oxidation

Answer 44

The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called FFA's to convert FFA into Acetyl CoA molecules, which are then available to enter Krebs Cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP

Question 45

Fat Oxidation VS Carbs

Answer 45

Fat oxidation produces more ATP but requires more oxygen

Question 46

End Result of Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 46

Water and CO2

Question 47

Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy System

Answer 47

Long-term energy

Question 48

Steady-State Exercise

Answer 48

Exercise performed at a constact pace/intensity | -Typically the type of exercise used when assessing exercise metabolism

Question 49

Body's Preferred Energy System

Answer 49

The Oxidative System because it requires oxygen and CO2 and water and more easily eliminated

Question 50

Oxygen Consumption After Exercise

Answer 50

Remains elevated for a short period of time to keep generating ATP aerobically (EPOC)

Question 51

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Answer 51

The state in which the body's metabolism is elevated after exercise

Question 52

Excess ATP After Exercise

Answer 52

Is used for recovery and to help reestablish baseline levels of ATP and PC while assisting with clearing metabolic end products

Question 53

Metabolism During Intermittent Work

Answer 53

The same pattern occurs multiple times with every change in work requirement

Question 54

Measuring Fuel Contribution During Exercise

Answer 54

Uses Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Question 55

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Answer 55

The amount of CO2 expired divided by the amount of O2 consumed -can determine the relative contribution of carbs and fats as a fuel source

Question 56

RQ of 1.00

Answer 56

Carbs are supplying 100 percent of the fuel

Question 57

RQ of 0.7

Answer 57

Fats are supplying 100 percent of the fuel

Question 58

RQ between 0.7 and 1.0

Answer 58

Indicated a mixture of carbs and fats fueling metabolism