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NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training > Chapter 16 - Chronic Health Conditions and Physical of Functional Limitations > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Chronic Health Conditions and Physical of Functional Limitations Flashcards

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1
Q

Daily Physical Activity Recommendations

A

60 minutes or more

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2
Q

Children and Endurance Activity

A

Can perform endurance activities well due to their high peaks oxygen uptake levels

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3
Q

Children and Submaximal Oxygen Demand

A

Child tend to exercise at a higher percentage of their peak 02 uptake during submaximal exercise compared with adults leading to greater chances of fatigue during high-intensity tasks

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4
Q

Children and Glycolytic Enzymes

A

Children producing less gylcolytic enzymes put them at a disadvantage when compared to adults when participating in short-duration, high intensity anaerobic activities

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5
Q

Glycolytic Enzymes

A

Required to support anaerobic power

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6
Q

Children and Hotter Environments

A

Higher submaximal oxygen demands and lower sweating rates causes a low tolerance for exercise in hot, humid environments

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7
Q

Resistance Training for Youth

A

Can lead to significant gain in levels of strength beyond that normal associated with growth and development
-Shown to improve motor skills such as sprinting and jumping, body composition, and bone mineral density

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8
Q

Aging and Degeneration

A

Aging has become synonymous with degeneration and loss of functional ability in older adults

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9
Q

Typical Forms of Degeneration Associated with Aging

A
  • osteoporosis
  • arthritis
  • LBP
  • obesity
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10
Q

Physiologic Changes and Aging

A

Some considered pathologic (relating to disease) and some considered normal with aging

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11
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Refers to hardening (and loss of elasticity) at the arteries leading greater resistance to BF and thus higher BP
-normal physiologic process of aging

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12
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of fatty plaque in arteries leading to narrowing and reduced BF
-Caused by poor lifestyle choices

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13
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease

A

A group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked
-Typically a result of atherosclerosis

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14
Q

Prehypertensive

A

BP between 120/80 and 139/89

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15
Q

Walking and Degenerative Aging

A

Walking is one of the most important and fundamental functional activities affected with degenerative aging
-Reduces independence of an individual and can lead to an increase in the degeneration cycles/process

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16
Q

Degenerative Cycle and Physical Activity

A

Can slow or reverse the cycle

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17
Q

Flexibility in Seniors

A

Is important as they tend to lose the elasticity of their CT, which reduces movement and increases risk of injury

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18
Q

Obesity Definition

A

The condition of subcutaneous fat exceeding the amount of lean body mass

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19
Q

Body Mass Index

A

Used to estimate healthy body weight ranges based on height

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20
Q

BMI Formula

A

BW (kg) / Height (m^2)

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21
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

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22
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

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23
Q

Obese BMI

A

30 or greater

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24
Q

Primary Cause of Obesity

A

Energy balance (too many calories consumed and too few expended)

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25
Q

Body Weight and Gait Mechanics

A

Have a positive correlation

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26
Q

Training Focus for Obese Clients

A

-Energy expenditure, balance, and proprioceptive training

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27
Q

Obese Clients Calorie Expenditure

A

200-300 kcal per session, minimum goal of 1250 weekly

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28
Q

Training Priority for Obese Clients

A

Sustained long-term aerobic endurance activities

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29
Q

Obese Clients and Body Position

A

Keep clients out of supine or prone positions and rather in standing or seated positions to keep client comfortable and avoid hyper or hypo tensive responses

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30
Q

Obese Clients and Orthopedic Stress

A

Recommended to engage in weight-supported exercises (cycling and swimming) to decrease stress on bones

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31
Q

Diabetes

A

A chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency which impairs carb usage and enhances usage of fat and protein

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32
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Body does not produce enough insulin
-Specialized cells in the pancreas called beta cells stop producing insulin, causing blood sugar levels to rise resulting in hyperglycemia

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33
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar

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34
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

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35
Q

Exercise and Glucose Utilization

A

Exercise increases the rate at which cells utilize glucose

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36
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Associated with obesity
-These individuals produce adequate amounts of insulin but their cells are resistant to insulin and therefore cannot transfer adequate amounts of blood sugar into the cell leading to hyperglycemia

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37
Q

2 Goals for Diabetics

A

weight loss and glucose control

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38
Q

Neuropathy

A

Loss of protective sensation in feet and legs

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39
Q

Obesity and Weight-Bearing Activities

A

need to be monitored to avoid blister and foot microtrauma that could result in foot infections

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40
Q

Hypertension

A

Consistently elevated arterial BP

BP greater than 140/90

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41
Q

Prehypertensive

A

BP between 120/80 - 135/85

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42
Q

Hypertension Common Causes

A

Smoking, diet high in fat, and excess weight

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43
Q

Hypertension Health Risks

A

Increased risks for strokes, CV disease, chronic heart failure, and kidney failure

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44
Q

Reducing BP

A

can be done by making better lifestyle choices such as activity, diet, and smoking

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45
Q

Monitoring HR in Hypertensive Clients

A

Is very important as medications and exercises responses may largely alter HR

46
Q

Hypertensive Clients and Body Position

A

Keep in standing or seated positions and avoid supine or prone positions

47
Q

Hypertensive Clients Programming

A

Use a circuit style of PHA system to help distribute BF

48
Q

Hypertensive Clients and Breathing

A

Avoid valsalva maneuver and overgripping to not increase BP

49
Q

Valsalva Maneuver

A

A maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with a closed glottis so that no air exits through the mouth or nose
-Impedes venous blood return to the heart

50
Q

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A

Leading cause of death and disability, caused by atherosclerosis (plaque formation) which leads to narrowing of the coronary arteries and ultimately angina pectoris, myocardial infection, or both

51
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain

52
Q

Myocardial Infection

A

Heart attack

53
Q

CHD Causes

A

poor lifestyle choices

54
Q

CHD Clients and Monitoring

A

Use talk test, RPE method, and pay careful attention to signs and symptoms to watch chest pain

55
Q

CHD Prevention

A

Can be slowed or reversed with a multidisciplinary approach

56
Q

Multidisciplinary Approach

A

Education, counseling, lifestyle changes, exercise, medications

57
Q

CHD and Body Position

A

Perform everything in a seated or standing position

58
Q

CHD and Plyo Training

A

Not recommended

59
Q

CHD Training Programming

A

Phases 1 and 2 of OPT model in circuit style or PHA system

60
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Condition in which there is a decrease in bone mass density as well as an increase in the space between, resulting in porosity and fragility

61
Q

Ostopenia

A

A precursor to ostopenia, a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal

62
Q

Type 1 Osteoporosis

A

Primary osteoporosis, associated with normal aging and is attributable to lower production of estrogen and progesterone
-characterized by an increase in bone resorption with a decrease in bone remodeling

63
Q

Type 2 Osteoporosis

A

Secondary Osteoporosis

64
Q

Secondary Osteoporosis Causes

A

Medical conditions or medications

-alcohol abuse, smoking, diseases

65
Q

Exercise and Osteoporosis

A

Can help slow or reverse the effects

66
Q

Osteoporosis Commonly Affected Areas

A

The neck of the femur and lumbar vertebrae placing the core in a weakened state and leaving more susceptibility to injury

67
Q

Risk Factor Influencing Osteoporosis

A

Peak Bone Mass

68
Q

Peak Bone Mass (Density)

A

The highest amount of bone mass a person is able to achieve during their lifetime

69
Q

Maintaining Bone Remodeling

A

Requires staying active enough to ensure adequate stress is being placed on their bodies

70
Q

Resistance Training and Bone Mineral Density

A

Have a positive correlation

71
Q

Osteoporosis Training

A

Should focus on balance, core strength, and stabilization focusing on the prevention of falls

72
Q

Osteoporosis Body Position

A

Perform all exercises in standing or seated position

73
Q

Training Intensity and Bone Formation

A

Higher intensities (75-85%) are needed to stimulate bone formation

74
Q

Osteoporosis Programming

A

Circuit style or PHA system focusing on hips, thighs, backs, and arms

75
Q

Arthritis

A

Chronic inflammation of the joint

76
Q

Two Most Common Types Arthritis

A
  • Osteoarthritis

- Rheumatoid Arthritis

77
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Cartilage becomes soft, frayed, or thins out as a result of trauma or other conditions

78
Q

Lack of Cartilage

A

Creates a wearing surface of the articulating bones causing pain and inflammation

79
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues causing an inflammatory response leading to pain and stiffness

80
Q

Pain after Exercise

A

Pain persisting for more than our hour after exercise is an indication that exercise should be eliminated or modified

81
Q

Arthritis and Reps and Intensity

A

Avoid high reps and higher intensities to decrease joint aggravation

82
Q

Program Recommends for Clients with Arthritis

A

Low-volume circuit programs or multiple session format

83
Q

Osteoarthritis and Knee Extensors

A

People with osteoarthritis exhibit a loss in knee extensor strength

84
Q

Inactivity and Arthritis

A

Inactivity heightens symptoms as a result of muscle atrophy and loss of flexibility

85
Q

Body Position with Arthritis

A

Performing exercises in a standing or seated position increases functional capacity and balance

86
Q

Plyo Training and Arthritis

A

Not recommended

87
Q

Arthritis and OPT Phase

A

Phase 1 with modified reps (10-12) to avoid heavy, repetitive joint loading

88
Q

CR Training and Arthritis

A

Start in stage 1 and progress with physicians advice

89
Q

Cancer

A

Any various types of malignant neoplasms, most of which invade surrounding tissues, may metasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal

90
Q

Cancer Symptoms

A

Vary widely and are very important to keep an eye on as a trainer

91
Q

Cancer and SMR

A

Not recommended for clients receiving chemo or radiation treatments

92
Q

Cancer Clients and CR Training

A

Very important and beneficial

93
Q

Core and Balance with Cancer Clients

A

Very important

94
Q

Cancer Clients Phases

A

Phases 1 and 2

95
Q

Exercise and Pregnancy

A

Many benefits for mother and child, moderate levels of exercise until third trimester

96
Q

Returning to Exercise after Birth

A

Needs to not be rushed into and understood that physiologic changes occurred may persist for 1 - 1.5 month

97
Q

First Trimester Phases

A

1 and 2

98
Q

Second and Third Trimester Phases

A

1

99
Q

Chronic Lung Disease

A

Broken into two categories

  • Restrictive Lung Disease
  • Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
100
Q

Restrictive Lung Disease

A

The condition of a fibrous lung tissue which results in a decreased ability to expand the lungs

101
Q

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

A

The condition of altered airflow through the lungs, generally caused by airway obstruction as a result of mucus production
-Characterized by chronic inflammation and airway obstruction

102
Q

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease EXS

A

asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis

103
Q

Chronic Lung Disease Problems

A

Decreased ventilation and decreased gas exchange ability leading to decreased aerobic capacity and endurance

104
Q

Emphysema

A

Condition in which the air sacs of the lungs or damaged or enlarged, causing breathlessness

105
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

106
Q

CLD Training

A

Lower body training is better tolerated as upper body resistance training places an increased stress on the second respiratory muscle
-PHA Training system

107
Q

Inspiratory Muscle Training

A

Can specifically improve the work associated with breathing

108
Q

Intermittent Claudication

A

The manifestation of symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease
-Characterized by limping, lameness, or pain in the lower leg during mild exercise resulting from decrease in blood supply to the lower extremities

109
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

A

A condition characterized by narrowing of the major arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities

110
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease

A

A group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked, typically as a result of atherosclerosis

111
Q

PAD Training Phase

A

Phase 1 with lower reps to starts, slow progressions

NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training (24 decks)

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