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NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training > Chapter 16 - Chronic Health Conditions and Physical of Functional Limitations > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Chronic Health Conditions and Physical of Functional Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

Daily Physical Activity Recommendations

A

60 minutes or more

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2
Q

Children and Endurance Activity

A

Can perform endurance activities well due to their high peaks oxygen uptake levels

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3
Q

Children and Submaximal Oxygen Demand

A

Child tend to exercise at a higher percentage of their peak 02 uptake during submaximal exercise compared with adults leading to greater chances of fatigue during high-intensity tasks

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4
Q

Children and Glycolytic Enzymes

A

Children producing less gylcolytic enzymes put them at a disadvantage when compared to adults when participating in short-duration, high intensity anaerobic activities

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5
Q

Glycolytic Enzymes

A

Required to support anaerobic power

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6
Q

Children and Hotter Environments

A

Higher submaximal oxygen demands and lower sweating rates causes a low tolerance for exercise in hot, humid environments

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7
Q

Resistance Training for Youth

A

Can lead to significant gain in levels of strength beyond that normal associated with growth and development
-Shown to improve motor skills such as sprinting and jumping, body composition, and bone mineral density

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8
Q

Aging and Degeneration

A

Aging has become synonymous with degeneration and loss of functional ability in older adults

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9
Q

Typical Forms of Degeneration Associated with Aging

A
  • osteoporosis
  • arthritis
  • LBP
  • obesity
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10
Q

Physiologic Changes and Aging

A

Some considered pathologic (relating to disease) and some considered normal with aging

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11
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Refers to hardening (and loss of elasticity) at the arteries leading greater resistance to BF and thus higher BP
-normal physiologic process of aging

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12
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of fatty plaque in arteries leading to narrowing and reduced BF
-Caused by poor lifestyle choices

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13
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease

A

A group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked
-Typically a result of atherosclerosis

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14
Q

Prehypertensive

A

BP between 120/80 and 139/89

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15
Q

Walking and Degenerative Aging

A

Walking is one of the most important and fundamental functional activities affected with degenerative aging
-Reduces independence of an individual and can lead to an increase in the degeneration cycles/process

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16
Q

Degenerative Cycle and Physical Activity

A

Can slow or reverse the cycle

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17
Q

Flexibility in Seniors

A

Is important as they tend to lose the elasticity of their CT, which reduces movement and increases risk of injury

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18
Q

Obesity Definition

A

The condition of subcutaneous fat exceeding the amount of lean body mass

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19
Q

Body Mass Index

A

Used to estimate healthy body weight ranges based on height

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20
Q

BMI Formula

A

BW (kg) / Height (m^2)

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21
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

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22
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

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23
Q

Obese BMI

A

30 or greater

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24
Q

Primary Cause of Obesity

A

Energy balance (too many calories consumed and too few expended)

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25
Body Weight and Gait Mechanics
Have a positive correlation
26
Training Focus for Obese Clients
-Energy expenditure, balance, and proprioceptive training
27
Obese Clients Calorie Expenditure
200-300 kcal per session, minimum goal of 1250 weekly
28
Training Priority for Obese Clients
Sustained long-term aerobic endurance activities
29
Obese Clients and Body Position
Keep clients out of supine or prone positions and rather in standing or seated positions to keep client comfortable and avoid hyper or hypo tensive responses
30
Obese Clients and Orthopedic Stress
Recommended to engage in weight-supported exercises (cycling and swimming) to decrease stress on bones
31
Diabetes
A chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency which impairs carb usage and enhances usage of fat and protein
32
Type 1 Diabetes
Body does not produce enough insulin -Specialized cells in the pancreas called beta cells stop producing insulin, causing blood sugar levels to rise resulting in hyperglycemia
33
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
34
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
35
Exercise and Glucose Utilization
Exercise increases the rate at which cells utilize glucose
36
Type 2 Diabetes
Associated with obesity -These individuals produce adequate amounts of insulin but their cells are resistant to insulin and therefore cannot transfer adequate amounts of blood sugar into the cell leading to hyperglycemia
37
2 Goals for Diabetics
weight loss and glucose control
38
Neuropathy
Loss of protective sensation in feet and legs
39
Obesity and Weight-Bearing Activities
need to be monitored to avoid blister and foot microtrauma that could result in foot infections
40
Hypertension
Consistently elevated arterial BP | BP greater than 140/90
41
Prehypertensive
BP between 120/80 - 135/85
42
Hypertension Common Causes
Smoking, diet high in fat, and excess weight
43
Hypertension Health Risks
Increased risks for strokes, CV disease, chronic heart failure, and kidney failure
44
Reducing BP
can be done by making better lifestyle choices such as activity, diet, and smoking
45
Monitoring HR in Hypertensive Clients
Is very important as medications and exercises responses may largely alter HR
46
Hypertensive Clients and Body Position
Keep in standing or seated positions and avoid supine or prone positions
47
Hypertensive Clients Programming
Use a circuit style of PHA system to help distribute BF
48
Hypertensive Clients and Breathing
Avoid valsalva maneuver and overgripping to not increase BP
49
Valsalva Maneuver
A maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with a closed glottis so that no air exits through the mouth or nose -Impedes venous blood return to the heart
50
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Leading cause of death and disability, caused by atherosclerosis (plaque formation) which leads to narrowing of the coronary arteries and ultimately angina pectoris, myocardial infection, or both
51
Angina Pectoris
Chest pain
52
Myocardial Infection
Heart attack
53
CHD Causes
poor lifestyle choices
54
CHD Clients and Monitoring
Use talk test, RPE method, and pay careful attention to signs and symptoms to watch chest pain
55
CHD Prevention
Can be slowed or reversed with a multidisciplinary approach
56
Multidisciplinary Approach
Education, counseling, lifestyle changes, exercise, medications
57
CHD and Body Position
Perform everything in a seated or standing position
58
CHD and Plyo Training
Not recommended
59
CHD Training Programming
Phases 1 and 2 of OPT model in circuit style or PHA system
60
Osteoporosis
Condition in which there is a decrease in bone mass density as well as an increase in the space between, resulting in porosity and fragility
61
Ostopenia
A precursor to ostopenia, a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal
62
Type 1 Osteoporosis
Primary osteoporosis, associated with normal aging and is attributable to lower production of estrogen and progesterone -characterized by an increase in bone resorption with a decrease in bone remodeling
63
Type 2 Osteoporosis
Secondary Osteoporosis
64
Secondary Osteoporosis Causes
Medical conditions or medications | -alcohol abuse, smoking, diseases
65
Exercise and Osteoporosis
Can help slow or reverse the effects
66
Osteoporosis Commonly Affected Areas
The neck of the femur and lumbar vertebrae placing the core in a weakened state and leaving more susceptibility to injury
67
Risk Factor Influencing Osteoporosis
Peak Bone Mass
68
Peak Bone Mass (Density)
The highest amount of bone mass a person is able to achieve during their lifetime
69
Maintaining Bone Remodeling
Requires staying active enough to ensure adequate stress is being placed on their bodies
70
Resistance Training and Bone Mineral Density
Have a positive correlation
71
Osteoporosis Training
Should focus on balance, core strength, and stabilization focusing on the prevention of falls
72
Osteoporosis Body Position
Perform all exercises in standing or seated position
73
Training Intensity and Bone Formation
Higher intensities (75-85%) are needed to stimulate bone formation
74
Osteoporosis Programming
Circuit style or PHA system focusing on hips, thighs, backs, and arms
75
Arthritis
Chronic inflammation of the joint
76
Two Most Common Types Arthritis
- Osteoarthritis | - Rheumatoid Arthritis
77
Osteoarthritis
Cartilage becomes soft, frayed, or thins out as a result of trauma or other conditions
78
Lack of Cartilage
Creates a wearing surface of the articulating bones causing pain and inflammation
79
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues causing an inflammatory response leading to pain and stiffness
80
Pain after Exercise
Pain persisting for more than our hour after exercise is an indication that exercise should be eliminated or modified
81
Arthritis and Reps and Intensity
Avoid high reps and higher intensities to decrease joint aggravation
82
Program Recommends for Clients with Arthritis
Low-volume circuit programs or multiple session format
83
Osteoarthritis and Knee Extensors
People with osteoarthritis exhibit a loss in knee extensor strength
84
Inactivity and Arthritis
Inactivity heightens symptoms as a result of muscle atrophy and loss of flexibility
85
Body Position with Arthritis
Performing exercises in a standing or seated position increases functional capacity and balance
86
Plyo Training and Arthritis
Not recommended
87
Arthritis and OPT Phase
Phase 1 with modified reps (10-12) to avoid heavy, repetitive joint loading
88
CR Training and Arthritis
Start in stage 1 and progress with physicians advice
89
Cancer
Any various types of malignant neoplasms, most of which invade surrounding tissues, may metasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal
90
Cancer Symptoms
Vary widely and are very important to keep an eye on as a trainer
91
Cancer and SMR
Not recommended for clients receiving chemo or radiation treatments
92
Cancer Clients and CR Training
Very important and beneficial
93
Core and Balance with Cancer Clients
Very important
94
Cancer Clients Phases
Phases 1 and 2
95
Exercise and Pregnancy
Many benefits for mother and child, moderate levels of exercise until third trimester
96
Returning to Exercise after Birth
Needs to not be rushed into and understood that physiologic changes occurred may persist for 1 - 1.5 month
97
First Trimester Phases
1 and 2
98
Second and Third Trimester Phases
1
99
Chronic Lung Disease
Broken into two categories - Restrictive Lung Disease - Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
100
Restrictive Lung Disease
The condition of a fibrous lung tissue which results in a decreased ability to expand the lungs
101
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
The condition of altered airflow through the lungs, generally caused by airway obstruction as a result of mucus production -Characterized by chronic inflammation and airway obstruction
102
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease EXS
asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis
103
Chronic Lung Disease Problems
Decreased ventilation and decreased gas exchange ability leading to decreased aerobic capacity and endurance
104
Emphysema
Condition in which the air sacs of the lungs or damaged or enlarged, causing breathlessness
105
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
106
CLD Training
Lower body training is better tolerated as upper body resistance training places an increased stress on the second respiratory muscle -PHA Training system
107
Inspiratory Muscle Training
Can specifically improve the work associated with breathing
108
Intermittent Claudication
The manifestation of symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease -Characterized by limping, lameness, or pain in the lower leg during mild exercise resulting from decrease in blood supply to the lower extremities
109
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
A condition characterized by narrowing of the major arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities
110
Peripheral Vascular Disease
A group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked, typically as a result of atherosclerosis
111
PAD Training Phase
Phase 1 with lower reps to starts, slow progressions

NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training (24 decks)

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