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NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training > Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science: Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal System

A

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints

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2
Q

Bones

A

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

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3
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue and which movement occurs

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4
Q

3 Factors Affecting the Growth, Maturity, and Functionality of the Skeletal System

A

Posture, physical activity, nutrition status

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5
Q

2 Divisions of Skeletal System

A

Axial and Appendicular skeletal systems

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6
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, rib cage, vertebral column

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7
Q

of Bones in Axial Skeleton

A

80

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8
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Upper and lower extremities as well as shoulder and pelvic girdles

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9
Q

of Bones in Appendicular Skeleton

A

126

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10
Q

Two Functions of Bones in Movement

A

Leverage, Support

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11
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

The process of resorption and formation of bone

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12
Q

Osteoclasts

A

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue during resorption

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13
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A type of bone cell that is responsible for bone formation

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14
Q

Bone Remodeling and Stress

A

Follows the lines of stress place on the bone

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15
Q

5 Types of Bones

A
  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
  • Sesamoid Bones
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16
Q

Long Bones

A

Characterized by their long cylindrical body (shaft)

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17
Q

Long Bones Make-Up

A

Predominantly compact bone for strength and stiffness with little spongy bone for shock absorption

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18
Q

6 Long Bones of Upper Body

A

Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges

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19
Q

5 Long Bones of Lower Body

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges

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20
Q

6 Anatomic Features of a Long Bone

A

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Epiphyseal Plate, Periosteum, Medullary Cavity, Articular (hyaline) Cartilage

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21
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of long bone, mainly composed of cancellous bone and bone marrow

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22
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft, predominantly compact bone, main role is support

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23
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Region of long bone connecting diaphysis to epiphysis

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24
Q

Periosteum

A

Forms the tough fibrous membrane that coats the bone

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25
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Central cavity of bone shaft where marrow is stored

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26
Q

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage

A

Cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones

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27
Q

Short Bones

A

All similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape

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28
Q

Short Bones Make-Up

A

Predominantly spongy bone tissue for shock absorption

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29
Q

Short Bones EXS

A

Carpals of hand, tarsals of feet

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30
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin bones compromising two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue

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31
Q

Flat Bones Function

A

Protection of internal surfaces and also provide a broad attachment site for muscles

32
Q

Flat Bones EXS

A

Sternum, scapulae, ribs, ilium, and cranial bones

33
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Unique shape and function

34
Q

Irregular Bones EXS

A

Vertebrae, pelvic bones, and certain facial bones

35
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint

36
Q

Sesamoid Bones Functions

A

Improve leverage and protect joints from damage

37
Q

Bone Markings

A
  • Depressions

- Processes

38
Q

Bone Markings Necessity

A

Increasing the stability in joints and providing attachment for muscles

39
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites
-Fossa and Sulcus

40
Q

Fossa EXS

A

Supraspinous/infraspinous fossa on shoulder blades

41
Q

Sulcus EXS

A

A groove in the bone that allows tendons to pass through

-Intertubular Sulcus

42
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

  • Condyles
  • Epicondyles
  • Tubercles
  • Trochanters
43
Q

Condyles

A

Inner and outer portions at bottom of femur and top of tibia to form knee joint

44
Q

Epicondyles

A

Inner and outer portions of humerus to help form elbow joint

45
Q

Tubercles

A

Top of humerus and glenohumeral joint

46
Q

Trochanters

A

Top of femur

47
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

48
Q

5 Categories of Vertebral Column

A
  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
49
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

First 7 vertebrae starting at top of spinal column (C1-C7)

50
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Next 12 vertebrae located in upper and middle back (T1-T12)

51
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae below thoracic (L1-L5)

-Largest bones in spinal column

52
Q

Sacrum

A

Triangular bone just below lumbar (S1-S5 fused)

53
Q

Coccyx

A

Tailbone (3-5 bones)

54
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

Fibrous cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow back to move, inbetween vertebrae

55
Q

3 Major Curvatures of the Back

A

Posterior cervical curvature: A concavity of the cervical spine

Anterior thoracic curvature: A convexity of the thoracic spine

Posterior lumbar curvature: A concavity of the lumbar spine

56
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Joint Motion

57
Q

3 Major Joint Motion Types

A

Rolling motion, sliding motion, spinning motion

58
Q

Classification of Joints

A

Synovial joints and Nonsynovial joints

59
Q

Synovial Joints (6)

A

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
-Gliding, Condyloid, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Ball-and-Socket

60
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Nonaxial joint that moves back and forth or side to side

-EX: Carpals in the hand

61
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

The condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another

  • Movement occurs predominantly in one plane with minimal movement in another
  • EX: Joints in the fingers
62
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in only one plane of motion, sagittal
-EX: Elbow

63
Q

Saddle Joint

A

One bone looks like a saddle with articulating bone straddling
-EX: Carpometacarpal

64
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Allows movement in predominantly one plane of motion

-EX: Radioulnar joint

65
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A

Most mobile of joints, allows movement in all 3 planes

-EX: Shoulder/hips

66
Q

Nonsynovial Joints

A

Have no joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage

  • Exhibit little to no motion
  • EX: Sutures of the skull
67
Q

Function of Joints

A

Motion, movement, and stability

68
Q

Moving One Joint

A

Directly affects the other joints

-All joints are linked together

69
Q

Joint Connective Tissue

A

-Ligaments

70
Q

Ligaments Function

A

-Primary CT that connects the bones together and provides stability, input to the NS, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

71
Q

Ligaments Make-Up

A

Collagen and Elastin

72
Q

Collagen

A

Provide ligament with ability to withstand tension (tensile strength)

73
Q

Elastin

A

Gives ligament some flexibility or elastic recoil to withstand the bending and twisting

74
Q

Ligaments Healing

A

Slow and poor repair and healing process due to very poor vascularity

75
Q

Exercise Effects on Bone Mass

A

Bone becomes stronger with exercise

NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training (24 decks)

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