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NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training > Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System

A

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints

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2
Q

Bones

A

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

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3
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue and which movement occurs

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4
Q

3 Factors Affecting the Growth, Maturity, and Functionality of the Skeletal System

A

Posture, physical activity, nutrition status

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5
Q

2 Divisions of Skeletal System

A

Axial and Appendicular skeletal systems

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6
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, rib cage, vertebral column

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7
Q

of Bones in Axial Skeleton

A

80

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8
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Upper and lower extremities as well as shoulder and pelvic girdles

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9
Q

of Bones in Appendicular Skeleton

A

126

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10
Q

Two Functions of Bones in Movement

A

Leverage, Support

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11
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

The process of resorption and formation of bone

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12
Q

Osteoclasts

A

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue during resorption

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13
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A type of bone cell that is responsible for bone formation

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14
Q

Bone Remodeling and Stress

A

Follows the lines of stress place on the bone

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15
Q

5 Types of Bones

A
  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
  • Sesamoid Bones
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16
Q

Long Bones

A

Characterized by their long cylindrical body (shaft)

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17
Q

Long Bones Make-Up

A

Predominantly compact bone for strength and stiffness with little spongy bone for shock absorption

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18
Q

6 Long Bones of Upper Body

A

Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges

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19
Q

5 Long Bones of Lower Body

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges

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20
Q

6 Anatomic Features of a Long Bone

A

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Epiphyseal Plate, Periosteum, Medullary Cavity, Articular (hyaline) Cartilage

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21
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of long bone, mainly composed of cancellous bone and bone marrow

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22
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft, predominantly compact bone, main role is support

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23
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Region of long bone connecting diaphysis to epiphysis

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24
Q

Periosteum

A

Forms the tough fibrous membrane that coats the bone

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25
Medullary Cavity
Central cavity of bone shaft where marrow is stored
26
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones
27
Short Bones
All similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape
28
Short Bones Make-Up
Predominantly spongy bone tissue for shock absorption
29
Short Bones EXS
Carpals of hand, tarsals of feet
30
Flat Bones
Thin bones compromising two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue
31
Flat Bones Function
Protection of internal surfaces and also provide a broad attachment site for muscles
32
Flat Bones EXS
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, ilium, and cranial bones
33
Irregular Bones
Unique shape and function
34
Irregular Bones EXS
Vertebrae, pelvic bones, and certain facial bones
35
Sesamoid Bones
Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint
36
Sesamoid Bones Functions
Improve leverage and protect joints from damage
37
Bone Markings
- Depressions | - Processes
38
Bone Markings Necessity
Increasing the stability in joints and providing attachment for muscles
39
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites -Fossa and Sulcus
40
Fossa EXS
Supraspinous/infraspinous fossa on shoulder blades
41
Sulcus EXS
A groove in the bone that allows tendons to pass through | -Intertubular Sulcus
42
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach - Condyles - Epicondyles - Tubercles - Trochanters
43
Condyles
Inner and outer portions at bottom of femur and top of tibia to form knee joint
44
Epicondyles
Inner and outer portions of humerus to help form elbow joint
45
Tubercles
Top of humerus and glenohumeral joint
46
Trochanters
Top of femur
47
Vertebral Column
Series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
48
5 Categories of Vertebral Column
- Cervical vertebrae - Thoracic vertebrae - Lumbar vertebrae - Sacrum - Coccyx
49
Cervical Vertebrae
First 7 vertebrae starting at top of spinal column (C1-C7)
50
Thoracic Vertebrae
Next 12 vertebrae located in upper and middle back (T1-T12)
51
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 vertebrae below thoracic (L1-L5) | -Largest bones in spinal column
52
Sacrum
Triangular bone just below lumbar (S1-S5 fused)
53
Coccyx
Tailbone (3-5 bones)
54
Intervertebral Discs
Fibrous cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow back to move, inbetween vertebrae
55
3 Major Curvatures of the Back
Posterior cervical curvature: A concavity of the cervical spine Anterior thoracic curvature: A convexity of the thoracic spine Posterior lumbar curvature: A concavity of the lumbar spine
56
Arthrokinematics
Joint Motion
57
3 Major Joint Motion Types
Rolling motion, sliding motion, spinning motion
58
Classification of Joints
Synovial joints and Nonsynovial joints
59
Synovial Joints (6)
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body -Gliding, Condyloid, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Ball-and-Socket
60
Gliding Joint
Nonaxial joint that moves back and forth or side to side | -EX: Carpals in the hand
61
Condyloid Joint
The condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another - Movement occurs predominantly in one plane with minimal movement in another - EX: Joints in the fingers
62
Hinge Joint
Uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in only one plane of motion, sagittal -EX: Elbow
63
Saddle Joint
One bone looks like a saddle with articulating bone straddling -EX: Carpometacarpal
64
Pivot Joint
Allows movement in predominantly one plane of motion | -EX: Radioulnar joint
65
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Most mobile of joints, allows movement in all 3 planes | -EX: Shoulder/hips
66
Nonsynovial Joints
Have no joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage - Exhibit little to no motion - EX: Sutures of the skull
67
Function of Joints
Motion, movement, and stability
68
Moving One Joint
Directly affects the other joints | -All joints are linked together
69
Joint Connective Tissue
-Ligaments
70
Ligaments Function
-Primary CT that connects the bones together and provides stability, input to the NS, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
71
Ligaments Make-Up
Collagen and Elastin
72
Collagen
Provide ligament with ability to withstand tension (tensile strength)
73
Elastin
Gives ligament some flexibility or elastic recoil to withstand the bending and twisting
74
Ligaments Healing
Slow and poor repair and healing process due to very poor vascularity
75
Exercise Effects on Bone Mass
Bone becomes stronger with exercise

NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training (24 decks)

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