Chapter 5 - Exercise Physiology Flashcards
Exercise Physiology
The study of how the body systems react to exercise stress
Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology
Looking at how oxygen and nutrients go through the cardiovascular system and into working muscles while exercising.
The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system
To deliver nutrients and remove waste from the tissues.
The upper two chambers of the heart
Atria
The lower two chambers of the heart
Ventricles
Pericardium
The membranous sac that covers the heart.
Myocardium
The thickest layer of cardiac muscle in the heart.
Heart Rate
The number of times that the heart beats in a minute.
The average normal resting heart rate…
60 - 80 beats per minute
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood ejected from each heart beat
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart. This is per minute and in liters.
Cardiac output equation
Heart rate times Stroke volume
Blood Pressure
The product of the amount of blood pumped from the heart and the resistance of the flow found in the vessel.
Systolic blood pressure
The pressure of blood on the vessels when the ventricles are contracting.
Diastolic blood pressure
The pressure on the vessels by blood when relaxing.
Average blood pressure values
120 / 80 mmHg
Hypertension blood pressure values
140 / 90 mmHg
End diastolic volume
The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction
End systolic volume
The amount of blood in the ventricle after contraction
Respiratory system
Responsible for filtering the air that enters the body and allow gas exchange within the alveoli,
Breathing
An involuntary action controlled by movements of the respiratory muscles, diaphragm, and changes in pressure
MET
A way used to estimate energy cost.
1 MET value
3.5 mL/kg/min
Ventilatory pump
Provides the mechanisms for breathing and consists of the chest wall, the respiratory muscles, and the pleural space.
Pump Ventilation
The volume of air exchanged in 1 minute.
Pulmonary ventilation for the average sedentary adult male
6 liters per minute
The supply of energy
ATP
Creatine Phosphate
The most rapid system for energy production
The amount of time the Creatine Phosphate system lasts
5 - 10 seconds
Anaerobic Glycolysis
The rapid breakdown of carbohydrate molecules, either glycogen or glucose, occurring without the presence of oxygen.
Lactate
The byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis.
Aerobic Oxidation
The final metabolic pathway for ATP production. This uses the Krebs cycle and the ETC
Oxygen Deficit
The lag in oxygen consumption at the beginning of exercise.
Steady state
The optimal level to support the energy demand of the exercise
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption
The consumption of more than usual amounts of oxygen after exercise.
Skeletal Muscle
The type of muscle that attaches to the skeleton and produces physical movements.
Perimysium
Cover the fasiculi within the muscle.
Endomysium
The covering for the individual muscle fibers.
Sarcolemma
The cell membrane that covers the cellular contents of the muscle fiber, nuclei, local stores of fat and carbohydrate, enzymes, contractile proteins, and other specialized structures such as the mitochondria.
Tendon
A dense, fibrous connective tissue that is continuous
Belly of the muscle
Thick contractile portion of the muscle
Fascicle
A group of fibers that have been bound by perimysium
Periosteum
A tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of bones, rich in sensory nerves, responsible for healing fractures.
Epimysium
Fibrous tissues enveloping the entire muscle and continuous with the tendon.
Sarcomere
Portion of muscle fibers found between two Z-lines
Z-Line
Boundary of two sarcomeres
H-zone
Consists of stacks of myosin filaments
Muscle fibers
Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with striations.
Actin
The thin filament in the sarcomere.
Myosin
The thick filament in the sarcomere
The sliding filament theory
The sliding-filament theory describes the events that occur between the actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction and relaxation
All-or-none principle
The nerve impulse that applies to the muscle cell, regardless of its “strength,” causes the sarcomere to contract maximally or not all.
Isometric contractions
The muscle or muscle group maintains a constant length as resistance is applied.
Functional strength
Work performed against a resistance in such a way that the strength gained directly benefits the execution of activities of daily life and/or movements associated with sports.
Concentric
When the force put in is enough to overcome resistance and the muscle shortens.
Eccentric
When the force put in is not enough to overcook resistance and the muscle lengthens,
Isokinetic Exercise
A constant speed against accommodating resistance.
Type 1 muscle fibers
The slow twitch muscle fibers that are best for low intensity, long duration activities.
Type IIa
These represent the transition fibers between type I and Type IIb fibers.
Type IIb
The fast twitch fibers used during times of quick and strong force generation.
Motor unit
The motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
Muscle Spindle
It is sensitive to the stretch of a muscle and is embedded within the muscle fiber.
Golgi Tendon Organs
A type of specialized proprioceptor that attaches to the tendons near the junction of the muscle and detects the tension of the muscle.
The SA node
The intrinsic pacemaker of the heart, because this is where most normal electrical impulses originate.
The AV node
Responsible for delaying the electrical impulses for approximately 0.12 second between the atria and the ventricles.
The Central Nervous System
The brain and the spinal cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System
All of the peripheral nerves of the voluntary system.
The Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system regulates visceral activities such as heart rate, digestion, breathing, and the secretion of hormones.
Proprioceptors
Specialized sensory receptors in the muscles and tendons that are sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure.
Stretch reflex
A strong muscular contraction that is used to reduce the stretch.
