Chapter 5 (exam 2) Flashcards
What are goblet cells?
Specialized epithelial cells that produce mucus and play a key role in the body’s defense and barrier maintenance
What is tissue?
A group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
What is matrix (extracellular material) composed of?
-fibrous proteins
-clear gel called ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel
What are the four major tissues?
-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous
What is epithelial tissue?
Composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption
Where is epithelial tissue found?
-epidermis
-inner lining of digestive tract
-liver
What is connective tissue?
Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs
Where is connective tissue found?
-tendons and ligaments
-cartilage and bone
-blood
What is nervous tissue?
Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
Where is nervous tissue found?
-brain
-spinal cord
-nerves
What is muscular tissue?
Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction
Where is muscular tissue found?
-skeletal muscles
-heart (cardiac muscle)
-walls of viscera
What is avascular?
Doesn’t have good blood supple (epithelial tissue)
Types of epithelial cells
-squamous (flat)
-cuboidal (cube)
-columnar (column)
Epithelial layers
-simple (one layer)
-stratified (more than one layer)
Keratinized epithelium
Has surface layer of dead cells
Nonkeratinized epithelium
Lacks layer of dead cells
What is glandular epithelium?
A type of tissue that makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous and digestive juices
What are merocrine glands?
A fluid product released through the cell membrane by exocytosis
What are apocrine glands?
scent glands that release a milky fluid when a person is stressed. These glands are located in areas with many hair follicles, such as the armpits, groin, and scalp.
What are holocrine glands?
Cells accumulate a product then the entire cell disintegrates
What is a gland?
Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body
Secretion
Product useful to the body
Excretion
Waste product
What are some examples of eccrine glands
-salivary glands
-pancreatic glands
-sweat glands of skin
What are some examples of apocrine glands
-Axillary sweat glands
-mammary glands
What are some examples of holocrine glands?
-oil glands of scalp
-glands of eyelids
What is the most abundant type of tissue?
Connective tissue
What are some functions of connective tissues?
-binding of organs
-support
-physical protection
-immune protection
-movement
-storage
-transport
What are the four major subcategories of connective tissue?
-fibrous
-cartilage
-bone
-blood
Collagenous fibers
Fiber found in connective tissue that provide strength and structure to the body (tough, flexible, and resist stretching)
What are reticular fibers?
-Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein
What are elastic fibers?
Made of protein called elastin, allows stretch and recoil.
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact and cancellous (spongy)
What is an osteon
Basic structural unit of compact bone
Osteocyte
Mature inactive bone cell
Osteoblast
Active bone-forming cell
Osteoclast
Bone-destroying cell
Ossification
Formation of bone from cartilage or membranes (supports, protects, attachment of muscles)
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
-hyaline cartilage
-fibrocartilage
-elastic cartilage
What is hyaline cartilage?
Clear, glassy cartilage found on many joint surfaces (usually covered by perichondrium)
What does hyaline cartilage do?
Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords during speech
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Ribs, nose, larynx, trachea
What is perichondrium?
A dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of most of the cartilage in the body
What is elastic cartilage?
Cartilage containing elastic fibers, provides flexible, elastic support
(Covered with perichondrium)
Where is elastic cartilage found?
External ear and epiglottis
What is fibrocartilage?
Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers. Resists compression and absorbs shock
(Never has perichondrium)
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells: transport O2 and CO2
Leukocytes
White blood cells: defense against infection and other diseases
Platelets
Cell fragments involved in clotting and other mechanisms
Muscle tissue characteristics
-contractible
-extensible
-excitable
Skeletal muscle
-striations present
-voluntary
Smooth muscle
-no striations
-involuntary
Cardiac muscle
-striated
-involuntary
-branching cells forming a syncytium
Nervous tissue characteristics
-Excitable
-capable of conduction
-communication and integration
Regeneration
Replacement of cells with new functioning cells of the same type
Scar
Replacement of cells with fibrous connective tissue
How do epithelial cells repair?
Cells are replaced by the division of stem cells
Do all connective tissue cells have the ability to repair?
No
Can muscle cells repair?
Muscle cells can perform limited repair
Can nervous cells repair?
Some nervous cells can perform limited repair, others cannot
What type of cartilage does not have perichondrium?
Fibrocartilage
