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Human Anatomy 1 > Chapter 5 (exam 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Specialized epithelial cells that produce mucus and play a key role in the body’s defense and barrier maintenance

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2
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit

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3
Q

What is matrix (extracellular material) composed of?

A

-fibrous proteins
-clear gel called ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel

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4
Q

What are the four major tissues?

A

-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous

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5
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption

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6
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

-epidermis
-inner lining of digestive tract
-liver

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7
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs

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8
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A

-tendons and ligaments
-cartilage and bone
-blood

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9
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells

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10
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

-brain
-spinal cord
-nerves

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11
Q

What is muscular tissue?

A

Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction

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12
Q

Where is muscular tissue found?

A

-skeletal muscles
-heart
-walls of viscera

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13
Q

What is avascular?

A

Doesn’t have good blood supple (epithelial tissue)

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14
Q

Types of epithelial cells

A

-squamous (flat)
-cuboidal (cube)
-columnar (column)

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15
Q

Epithelial layers

A

-simple (one layer)
-stratified (more than one layer)

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16
Q

Keratinized epithelium

A

Has surface layer of dead cells

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17
Q

Nonkeratinized epithelium

A

Lacks layer of dead cells

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18
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A

A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous and digestive juices

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19
Q

What are merocrine glands?

A

A fluid product releases through the cell membrane by exocytosis

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20
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A

Cellular product and portions of the free ends of glandular cells pinch off during secretion

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21
Q

What are holocrine glands?

A

Disintegrated entire cells filled with secretory products

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22
Q

What is a gland?

A

Cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body

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23
Q

Secretion

A

Product useful to the body

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24
Q

Excretion

A

Waste product

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25
Q

What are some examples of eccrine glands

A

-tear glands
-pancreas
-gastric glands

26
Q

What are some examples of apocrine glands

A

-Axillary sweat glands
-mammary glands

27
Q

What are some examples of holocrine glands?

A

-oil glands of scalp
-glands of eyelids

28
Q

What is the most abundant type of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

29
Q

What are some functions of connective tissues?

A

-binding of organs
-support
-physical protection
-immune protection
-movement
-storage
-transport

30
Q

What are the four major subcategories of connective tissue?

A

-fibrous
-cartilage
-bone
-blood

31
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

Fiber found in connective tissue that provide strength and structure to the body (tough, flexible, and resist stretching)

32
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

-Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein
-Form framework of such organs as spleen and lymph nodes

33
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Made of protein called elastin, allows stretch and recoil.

34
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact and cancellous (spongy)

35
Q

What is an osteon

A

Basic structural unit of compact bone

36
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature inactive bone cell

37
Q

Osteoblast

A

Active bone-forming cell

38
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone-destroying cell

39
Q

Ossification

A

Formation of bone from cartilage or membranes (supports, protects, attachment of muscles)

40
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

-hyaline cartilage
-fibrocartilage
-elastic cartilage

41
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Clear, glassy cartilage found on many joint surfaces (usually covered by perichondrium)

42
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do?

A

Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords during speech

43
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Ribs, nose, larynx, trachea

44
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

A dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of most of the cartilage in the body

45
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Cartilage containing elastic fibers, provides flexible, elastic support
(Covered with perichondrium)

46
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear and epiglottis

47
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers. Resists compression and absorbs shock
(Never has perichondrium)

48
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs

49
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells: transport O2 and CO2

50
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells: defense against infection and other diseases

51
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments involved in clotting and other mechanisms

52
Q

Muscle tissue characteristics

A

-contractile
-extensible
-excitable

53
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

-striations present
-voluntary

54
Q

Smooth muscle

A

-no striations
-involuntary

55
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

-striated
-involuntary
-branching cells forming a syncytium

56
Q

Nervous tissue characteristics

A

-Excitable
-capable of conduction
-communication and integration

57
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacement of cells with new functioning cells of the same type

58
Q

Scar

A

Replacement of cells with fibrous connective tissue

59
Q

How do epithelial cells repair?

A

Cells are replaced by the division of stem cells or undifferentiated cells

60
Q

Do all connective tissue cells have the ability to repair?

A

No

61
Q

Can muscle cells repair?

A

Muscle cells can perform limited repair

62
Q

Repair of nervous cells

A

Some nervous cells can perform limited repair, others cannot

Human Anatomy 1 (26 decks)

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