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Human Anatomy 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element

A

The simplest type of matter composed of atoms of only one kind

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2
Q

What is an atom

A

Smallest particle of an element that has characteristics of that element

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3
Q

What are the biologically significant elements? (CHONPS)

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus
-sulfur

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4
Q

What is the charge, mass, and location of a proton

A

Positive charge, 1 atomic mass unit, in the central nucleus

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5
Q

What is the charge, mass, and location of a neutron

A

No charge, 1amu, in the central nucleus

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6
Q

What is the charge, mass, and location of an electron

A

Negative charge, 0 amu, in electron shell

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7
Q

What is the atomic number

A

Number of protons an atom has

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8
Q

What is mass number

A

Number of protons plus neutrons

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9
Q

How to figure out number of neutrons in an element on the periodic table

A

Atomic mass - atomic number (protons) = neutrons

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10
Q

If an element has an atomic number of 7, how many electrons does it have?

A

7 (protons=electrons)

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11
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Two or more forms of same element with same number of protons and electrons but different neutron number

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12
Q

Do isotopes of an element have the same atomic mass?

A

No, they have different atomic masses

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13
Q

What are radioactive isotopes?

A

Unstable isotopes that give off radiation

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14
Q

What are some uses of radioactive isotopes?

A

-tracking hormone uptake
-treating cancer (radiation therapy)
-medical imaging
-sterilization of materials to be used in surgery

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15
Q

What is an ion

A

-charged atoms with unequal numbers of electrons and protons
-an atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable

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16
Q

What charge is a cation and when is it formed?

A

Net positive charge, formed when an atom loses electrons

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17
Q

What is the charge of an anion and when is it formed?

A

Net negative charge, formed when an atom gains electrons

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18
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting an electrical current

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19
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A

-chemical reactivity
-osmotic effects (influence water movement)
-electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue

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20
Q

What can electrolyte imbalances cause?

A

Muscle cramps, brittle bones, cardiac arrest, coma, death

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21
Q

Electrolyte- Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
Cation and anion

A

Cation- Ca2+
Anion- 2 Cl-

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22
Q

Electrolyte- Disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4)
Cation- anion

A

Cation- 2 Na+
Anion- HPO4 ^2-

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23
Q

Electrolyte- Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
Cation-anion

A

Cation- Mg^2+
Anion- 2 Cl-

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24
Q

Electrolyte- potassium chloride (KCl)
Cation- anion

A

Cation- K+
Anion- Cl-

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25
Q

Electrolyte- sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Cation-anion

A

Cation- Na+
Anion- HCO3-

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26
Q

Electrolyte- sodium chloride (NaCl)
Cation-anion

A

Cation- Na+
Anion- Cl-

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27
Q

What is a molecule

A

A substance composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond (example: hydrogen (H2))

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28
Q

What is a compound

A

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms chemically combined (Ex. Water- H2O)

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29
Q

What are inorganic molecules

A

Substances that do not contain C-H bonds
-water
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide

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30
Q

What are organic molecules

A

Substances that contain C-H bonds
-carbohydrates
-proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids

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31
Q

What are the three kinds of chemical bonds?

A

-covalent bonds
-ionic bonds
-hydrogen bonds

32
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

A complete transfer of electrons between two atoms. Results in separate positively charged and negatively charged ions

33
Q

Covalent bond

A

-one or more pairs of electrons are shared between atoms
-strongest type of chemical bond

34
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Electrons are not shared equally (results in a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other side of a molecule)

35
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Electrons are shared equally (results in an even charge in a molecule)

36
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

The attraction of oppositely
charged ends of one molecule to another molecule (no new molecules are formed)

37
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Substances that dissolve in water (water-loving)

38
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances that do not dissolve in water (water-fearing)

39
Q

Adhesion

A

attraction between different substances
-tendency of one substance to cling to another
-attraction of water molecules to other polar molecules

40
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between similar substances
-tendency of like molecules to cling to each other
-attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

41
Q

Acid

A

Any substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration

42
Q

Base

A

Any substance that decreases hydrogen ion concentration

43
Q

Buffer

A

A solution of an acid-base pair in which acid and base components occur in similar concentrations

44
Q

pH scale

A

Neutral= pH of 7
Acidic= pH less than 7
Alkaline or basic= pH greater than 7

45
Q

What does our body use to prevent changes in pH

A

Buffers

46
Q

What can pH disturbances lead to

A

-disrupt physiological functions and alter drug actions
-can lead to tremors, paralysis, or even death

47
Q

What are reactants in a chemical reaction

A

Substances that enter into a chemical reaction

48
Q

What are products in a chemical reaction

A

Substances that result from the reaction

49
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all of the anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions in the body

50
Q

When chemical bonds are made it is called what

A

Synthesis reactions (anabolism)

51
Q

When chemical bonds are broken it is called what

A

Decomposition reactions (catabolism)

52
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water is used to break a chemical bond (water is a reactant in the reaction)

53
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Anabolic reaction where water is a product

54
Q

Reaction rates are affected by what

A

-concentration (more concentrated=more collisions)
-temperature (higher temp=greater collision force, faster rate)
-catalysts or enzymes (speeds up reactions)

55
Q

Carbohydrates examples and function

A

-divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
-EXAMPLE: glucose (blood sugar)
-energy sources and structure

56
Q

Lipids examples and functions

A

-Examples: anabolic steroids, fat
-Functions: protection, insulation, component of cell membranes, energy source

57
Q

Proteins examples and function

A

-Example: insulin, amino acids
-Function: regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, energy

58
Q

Nucleic acids examples and function

A

-Example: DNA and RNA
-Function: store genetic info, involved in protein synthesis

59
Q

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides

A

-simple sugars
-glucose, fructose, and galactose are important in the diet as energy sources
-ribose and deoxyribose are components of ATP, DNA, and RNA

60
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two simple sugars bound together by dehydration synthesis
Examples: lactose, sucrose, maltose

61
Q

Three polysaccharides and their uses

A

1.Glycogen- energy storage in animals (made by cells of liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina)
2.Starch- energy storage in plants
3.Cellulose- structural molecule of plant cell walls (fiber in our diet)

62
Q

Lipids: Fats functions

A

Protection, insulation, energy source

63
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Contains all single bonds in the carbon chain, which produces a more rigid structure

64
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Contains one or more double bonds in the carbon chain, which produces a more relaxed structure (better because they do not stick to the inside of blood vessels)

65
Q

Cholesterol (steroid)

A

The parent steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized

66
Q

Examples of cholesterol, synthesized, and function

A

-Examples: cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterone
-synthesized only by animals, especially in liver cells
-functions: physiological regulators and component of cell membranes

67
Q

Protein function

A

-structural support
-catalysts (enzymes)
-hormones
-transport
-building block

68
Q

Enzymes

A

Most are proteins, reduces activation energy needed for a reaction

69
Q

Factors that alter enzymes

A

-heat
-changes in pH
-radiation
-electricity
-chemicals

70
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next

71
Q

What is DNA composed of

A

Two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine

72
Q

What is the sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

73
Q

What is the sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

74
Q

RNA composition and use

A

Adenine-Uracil
Guanine-Cytosine
Involved in protein synthesis

75
Q

RNA - sugar, base, and strand

A

-sugar=ribose
-Base= A,G,C,U
-single- stranded

76
Q

DNA - sugar, base, and strand

A

-sugar=deoxyribose
-base= A,G,C,T
-double-stranded

77
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. The main energy currency of the cell

Human Anatomy 1 (30 decks)

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