Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards
Plasma cell membrane
-surrounds cell
-made of proteins and lipids
Cytoplasm
-Gel-like substance that contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol (water based intracellular fluid (ICF))
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside of cell
What does the plasma membrane do
-defines cell boundaries
-governs interactions with other cells
-controls passage of materials in and out of cell
What is the intracellular face of the plasma membrane?
Side that faces cytoplasm
What is the extracellular face in plasma membrane?
Side that faces outward
What is the primary structure of a cell membrane?
Double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules
In the phospholipid bilayer, are the heads hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic (water-loving)
In the phospholipid bilayer, are the tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic (water-fearing)
Why do water-soluble molecules not pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily?
Most of the bilayer is hydrophobic
What is an organelle?
Small structure that performs a specialized function for the cell
List the membranous organelles
Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi complex
List the nonmembraneus organelles
Ribosomes, centrioles
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains DNA, houses nucleolus which produces ribosomes
What is the function of mitochondria?
-power plant of the cell
-major site of ATP synthesis
-provides about 95% of cells energy supply
What is the function and composition of ribosomes?
-site of protein synthesis
-composed of RNA and protein
-made in nucleolus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) function
Protein synthesis and transport to Golgi (has attached ribosomes)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smoothER) function
Manufactures lipids, detoxification (liver and kidney)
-no attached ribosomes
What is the function of the Golgi complex?
Modification, packaging, and distribution of protein molecules from the ER
What are the functions of lysosomes?
-enzymes in lysosomes digest large molecules
-cells digestive system/garbage disposal and recycling center of cell
What are peroxisomes produced by?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What are the functions of peroxisomes and where are they abundant in the body?
Neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins
-abundant in liver and kidney
What is the function of centrioles?
Cell division
What are cilia and what is the function
Appendages projecting from cell surfaces, moves materials over the cell surface
What is the function of flagella
Move the cell in wave-like fashion
-ex. Sperm cell
What is microvilli and its function?
Extension of plasma membrane, involved in absorption of material (do not move)
What is selectively permeable?
Allows some things through, and prevents other things from entering and leaving the cell
Does passive transport require ATP?
No, no ATP is required
Does active transport require ATP?
Yes
Passive transport examples
Filtration, simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Active transport examples
Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pump
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
What factors affect diffusion rate through a membrane?
-temperature (higher temp=faster rate)
-surface area
-molecular weight (larger molecules move slower)
What is osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
What is an isotonic solution
When a solution has the same potential osmotic pressure as the cell
(Cell neither shrinks nor swells)
What is hypertonic solution
Solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than the cell (cells lose water and shrivel)
What is hypotonic
Solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than the cell (cells absorbs water,swells, and may burst)
Where does water move in a hypotonic solution
It moves to the hypertonic solution
What is filtration?
Process in which particles move from a side of greater pressure to lower pressure by hydrostatic pressure
What is osmotic pressure
Water pressure that develops in a solution across a semi-permeable membrane as the result of osmosis
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Force of a fluid pushing against a surface
What is facilitated diffusion
Protein carrier that helps (facilitates) the diffusion process and does not require energy
What is active transport via protein pumps?
Carrier-mediated transport of solute through a membrane up (against) its concentration gradient
What is endocytosis
Bringing material into the cell
What is exocytosis
Moving material out of the cell
What is phagocytosis
Engulfment of solid material (cell-eating)
What is pinocytosis
Engulfment of liquid material (cell-drinking)
What is good cholesterol and what is bad cholesterol?
LDL=bad
HDL=good
What is DNA
A double-stranded polymer (composed of nucleotides) that functions to store genetic information
What is a gene
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
What is a genome
All the genes of one organism
What is mitosis
One cell divides into 2 daughter cells with identical copies of DNA
Functions of mitosis
-embryonic development
-tissue growth
-replacement of dead cells
-repair of injured tissues
Phases of mitosis (nuclear division)
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is meiosis
Cell division in which sex cells (gametes) are formed
-chromosome number is reduced by half
What is cellular respiration
Catabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down to yield its stored energy
What are the three pathways of cellular respiration
-glycolysis
-citric acid cycle
-electron transport system (ETS)
How much ATP does glycolysis produce
2 ATP
-(does not require oxygen)
Where does glycolysis occur?
Within cytoplasm
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Inside the mitochondria
Does the citric acid cycle require energy and how much ATP does it produce?
Does not require energy, produces 2 ATP
Where does electron transport system take place?
In the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Does the electron transport system require energy?
No
How much ATP does the electron transport system produce?
3 ATP for each NADH
2 ATP for each FADH2
Process of breathing, eating, and cellular respiration (4 steps)
1-oxygen is taken in by breathing, digested food contains glucose
2-oxygen and glucose are carried to cells by the bloodstream
3-oxygen and glucose enter cells where cellular respiration occurs
4- CO2 is taken by the bloodstream to the lungs
