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Human Anatomy 1 > Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma cell membrane

A

-surrounds cell
-made of proteins and lipids

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-Gel-like substance that contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol (water based intracellular fluid (ICF))

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside of cell

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4
Q

What does the plasma membrane do

A

-defines cell boundaries
-governs interactions with other cells
-controls passage of materials in and out of cell

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5
Q

What is the intracellular face of the plasma membrane?

A

Side that faces cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is the extracellular face in plasma membrane?

A

Side that faces outward

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7
Q

What is the primary structure of a cell membrane?

A

Double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules

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8
Q

In the phospholipid bilayer, are the heads hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

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9
Q

In the phospholipid bilayer, are the tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic (water-fearing)

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10
Q

Why do water-soluble molecules not pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily?

A

Most of the bilayer is hydrophobic

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11
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Small structure that performs a specialized function for the cell

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12
Q

List the membranous organelles

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi complex

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13
Q

List the nonmembraneus organelles

A

Ribosomes, centrioles

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14
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA, houses nucleolus which produces ribosomes

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15
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

-power plant of the cell
-major site of ATP synthesis
-provides about 95% of cells energy supply

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16
Q

What is the function and composition of ribosomes?

A

-site of protein synthesis
-composed of RNA and protein
-made in nucleolus

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17
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) function

A

Protein synthesis and transport to Golgi (has attached ribosomes)

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18
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smoothER) function

A

Manufactures lipids, detoxification (liver and kidney)
-no attached ribosomes

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19
Q

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

A

Modification, packaging, and distribution of protein molecules from the ER

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20
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

-enzymes in lysosomes digest large molecules
-cells digestive system/garbage disposal and recycling center of cell

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21
Q

What are peroxisomes produced by?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

What are the functions of peroxisomes and where are they abundant in the body?

A

Neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins
-abundant in liver and kidney

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23
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Cell division

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24
Q

What are cilia and what is the function

A

Appendages projecting from cell surfaces, moves materials over the cell surface

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25
Q

What is the function of flagella

A

Move the cell in wave-like fashion
-ex. Sperm cell

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26
Q

What is microvilli and its function?

A

Extension of plasma membrane, involved in absorption of material (do not move)

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27
Q

What is selectively permeable?

A

Allows some things through, and prevents other things from entering and leaving the cell

28
Q

Does passive transport require ATP?

A

No, no ATP is required

29
Q

Does active transport require ATP?

A

Yes

30
Q

Passive transport examples

A

Filtration, simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

31
Q

Active transport examples

A

Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pump

32
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

33
Q

What factors affect diffusion rate through a membrane?

A

-temperature (higher temp=faster rate)
-surface area
-molecular weight (larger molecules move slower)

34
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

35
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

When a solution has the same potential osmotic pressure as the cell
(Cell neither shrinks nor swells)

36
Q

What is hypertonic solution

A

Solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than the cell (cells lose water and shrivel)

37
Q

What is hypotonic

A

Solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than the cell (cells absorbs water,swells, and may burst)

38
Q

Where does water move in a hypotonic solution

A

It moves to the hypertonic solution

39
Q

What is filtration?

A

Process in which particles move from a side of greater pressure to lower pressure by hydrostatic pressure

40
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

Water pressure that develops in a solution across a semi-permeable membrane as the result of osmosis

41
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Force of a fluid pushing against a surface

42
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Protein carrier that helps (facilitates) the diffusion process and does not require energy

43
Q

What is active transport via protein pumps?

A

Carrier-mediated transport of solute through a membrane up (against) its concentration gradient

44
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Bringing material into the cell

45
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Moving material out of the cell

46
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Engulfment of solid material (cell-eating)

47
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Engulfment of liquid material (cell-drinking)

48
Q

What is good cholesterol and what is bad cholesterol?

A

LDL=bad
HDL=good

49
Q

What is DNA

A

A double-stranded polymer (composed of nucleotides) that functions to store genetic information

50
Q

What is a gene

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

51
Q

What is a genome

A

All the genes of one organism

52
Q

What is mitosis

A

One cell divides into 2 daughter cells with identical copies of DNA

53
Q

Functions of mitosis

A

-embryonic development
-tissue growth
-replacement of dead cells
-repair of injured tissues

54
Q

Phases of mitosis (nuclear division)

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

55
Q

What is meiosis

A

Cell division in which sex cells (gametes) are formed
-chromosome number is reduced by half

56
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Catabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down to yield its stored energy

57
Q

What are the three pathways of cellular respiration

A

-glycolysis
-citric acid cycle
-electron transport system (ETS)

58
Q

How much ATP does glycolysis produce

A

2 ATP
-(does not require oxygen)

59
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Within cytoplasm

60
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Inside the mitochondria

61
Q

Does the citric acid cycle require energy and how much ATP does it produce?

A

Does not require energy, produces 2 ATP

62
Q

Where does electron transport system take place?

A

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

63
Q

Does the electron transport system require energy?

A

No

64
Q

How much ATP does the electron transport system produce?

A

3 ATP for each NADH
2 ATP for each FADH2

65
Q

Process of breathing, eating, and cellular respiration (4 steps)

A

1-oxygen is taken in by breathing, digested food contains glucose
2-oxygen and glucose are carried to cells by the bloodstream
3-oxygen and glucose enter cells where cellular respiration occurs
4- CO2 is taken by the bloodstream to the lungs

Human Anatomy 1 (30 decks)

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