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Human Anatomy 1 > Ch 6-Integumentary System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Ch 6-Integumentary System (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is melanin

A

Natural substance that gives color to skin, hair, eyes

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2
Q

What does subcutaneous mean

A

Under the skin

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3
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Skin- 15-16% of body weight

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4
Q

What is the top layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

What is the epidermis and dermis separated by?

A

Basement membrane

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6
Q

What is the epidermis nourished by? (Since it is avascular)

A

Diffusion from capillaries of the papillary layer of the dermis

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7
Q

What is the epidermis composed of

A

Cells arranged into layers or strata; stratified

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8
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis?

A

-stem cells
-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
-dendritic cells

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9
Q

What are stem cells

A

-undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes
-in the deepest layer of the epidermis

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10
Q

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale

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11
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Cells of the epidermis that produce keratin (great majority of epidermal cells)

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12
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

-occur only in the stratum basale
-synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation

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13
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens

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14
Q

What is the only layer of the epidermis to undergo cell division?

A

Stratum basale

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15
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

-Stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum (granular layer)
-stratum lucidum (clear layer)
-stratum corneum (horny layer)

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16
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Layer of the epidermis that’s made up of multiple layers of cells that are held together by desmosomes

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17
Q

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

A

-contains keratohyalin
-contains high levels of lysosomal enzymes
-contains granules
-in superficial layers nucleus and other organelles degenerate and cells die

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18
Q

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

A

-thin, clear zone. Found only in palms and soles
-dead cells filled with keratin precursor called eleidin

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19
Q

Stratum corneum

A

-most superficial and consists of cornified cells
-outermost layer of the skin

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20
Q

Layers of the epidermis in order (bottom to top)

A

1.Stratum basale (deepest layer)
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin)

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21
Q

How long does it take for epidermal cells to form in the stratum basale and migrate to the skin surface?

A

30-40 days

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22
Q

What percent of cells in the stratum basale enter mitosis daily?

A

10%-12%

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23
Q

Does the dermis continually shed and regenerate itself?

A

No

24
Q

Which layer plays a critical role in temperature regulation?

A

Dermis

25
Q

Dermis (true skin) qualities

A

-storage site for water and electrolytes
-sensory receptors for pain, itch, tickle, pressure, touch, and temperature

26
Q

What is inside of the dermis?

A

Hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, blood vessels, and muscle fibers

27
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

-papillary layer
-reticular layer

28
Q

Papillary layer of the dermis

A

-composed of dermal papillae that project into the epidermis
-forms unique pattern that gives individual fingerprints

29
Q

Reticular layer of the dermis

A

-contains connective tissue that makes the skin tough yet stretchable
-deeper layer of dermis, thicker and less cellular

30
Q

Decrease blood flow to skin leads to what

A

Pale

31
Q

Increased blood flow to skin leads to what

A

Flush (erythema)

32
Q

Albinism

A

Hair is white, skin is pale, irises of eyes are pink. Caused by lack of melanin production

33
Q

Bronzing

A

Skin appears golden brown, copper, or bronze in color. Caused by Addison disease

34
Q

Erythema

A

Skin appears abnormally red. Caused by increased blood flow

35
Q

Hematoma

A

A bruise is observable through the skin

36
Q

Jaundice

A

Skin and whites of the eyes appear yellow. Caused by elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood

37
Q

Pallor

A

Skin appears ashen, pale due to decreased blood flow to the skin

38
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

-protection
-sensation
-excretion
-vitamin D synthesis
-immune function
-homeostasis of body temperature

39
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Abnormally high body temperature. Sweating and vasodilation

40
Q

Hypothermia

A

Abnormally low body temperature. Shivering and vasoconstriction

41
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the skin?

A

No

42
Q

Types of cells in the hypodermis

A

-fibroblasts
-adipose cells
-macrophages

43
Q

What does the Hypodermis consist of

A

Consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

44
Q

Hypodermis and fat

A

Contains about half of the body’s fat. Functions as: energy source, insulation, padding

45
Q

Where on the body is hair located?

A

Over the entire body except palms of hands and soles of feet and a few other small areas

46
Q

What causes hair color?

A

Varying amounts and types of melanin

47
Q

Arrector pili

A

Smooth muscle. Muscle contraction causes hair to “stand on end”

48
Q

Sebaceous glands and function

A

Groups of specialized epithelial cells. Secretes sebum. Keeps hair soft, pliable, and waterproof

49
Q

Eccrine glands and function

A

Abundant sweat glands with odorless secretion. Used to lower body temperature and eliminate wastes
(Small)

50
Q

Apocrine sweat glands and function

A

Sweat glands with secretions that develop odors. Wets skin during pain, fear, emotional upset, and sexual arousal

51
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Secrete earwax

52
Q

Mammary glands

A

Secrete milk

53
Q

What are the most numerous sweat glands?

A

Eccrine glands

54
Q

When do apocrine glands begin to function?

A

At puberty

55
Q

Where are apocrine glands found?

A

Armpit, areola of breast, and around anus (large)

56
Q

What is the function of cerumen?

A

Protect area from dehydration; excess secretions can cause blockage of ear canal and loss of hearing

Human Anatomy 1 (26 decks)

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