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Human Anatomy 1 > Ch. 7 Skeletal Tissues (exam 2) > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Skeletal Tissues (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Hemopoieses

A

Production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in the bone marrow

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2
Q

Ossification

A

The process of bone formation

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3
Q

Sinus

A

A hollow space or cavity in the body

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4
Q

What are the two types of bones?

A

-cancellous (spongy)
-compact

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of cancellous (spongy) bones?

A

Porous, light, fragile

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of compact bone?

A

Dense, hard, solid

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7
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

-femur
-humerus
-tibia
-fibula
-ulna
-radius

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8
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A

-carpal bones
-tarsal bones (talus, calcaneus)

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9
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

-skull
-occipital
-frontal
-parietal
-nasal
-lacrimal
-ribs

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10
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

-coccyx
-sacrum
-mandible
-maxilla
-vertebrae
-hyoid

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11
Q

What are the parts of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, endosteum, articular cartilage

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12
Q

What is the periosteum of a long bone?

A

Outer surface

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13
Q

Inorganic matrix of bone

A

composed of inorganic salt called hydroxyapatite made up of calcium phosphate which gives the bone its hardness

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14
Q

Organic matrix of bone

A

Composed of protein fibers (collagen) and glycoproteins. Gives bone its flexibility

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15
Q

Where is compact bone located?

A

Outer layer of long bones

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16
Q

What is compact bone useful for?

A

Providing protection and support

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17
Q

Where is spongy bone located?

A

Ends of long bones, within pelvic, ribs, and skull bones

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18
Q

What is spongy bone useful for?

A

Lightweight and provides tissue support

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19
Q

What is spongy bone appearance formed by?

A

Plates of bone called trabeculae

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20
Q

Where does trabeculae develop?

A

Along bone’s line of stress

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21
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones

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22
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintains bone tissue

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down old or damaged bone to make room for new bone tissue

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24
Q

What is another word for bone marrow?

A

Myeloid tissue

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25
Q

Where is bone marrow located?

A

In medullary cavity (long bone) and among trabeculae (spongy bone)

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26
Q

What is the function of bone marrow (myeloid tissue)?

A

Site for production of blood cells

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27
Q

Red marrow

A

-produces blood cells
-in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of femur and humerus in adults

28
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Fatty marrow of long bones in adults (stores fat and connective tissue)

29
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

-support
-protection
-movement
-mineral storage (calcium)
-production of red blood cells
-homeostasis of calcium levels

30
Q

How much calcium do bones store?

A

99% of the body’s calcium

31
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Released when calcium levels in the blood are decreased

32
Q

How does parathyroid hormone work?

A

Osteoclasts are stimulated to increase bone resorption and calcium is released in the blood

33
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released when calcium levels are increased in the blod

34
Q

How does calcitonin work?

A

Osteoblasts are stimulated to increase bone deposition and calcium is removed from the blood

35
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Bone formation

36
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Occurs within a connective membrane. Adds bone tissue to outer surface

37
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Occurs within a cartilage model. increases in diameter and length

38
Q

How do most bones develop?

A

Endochondrial ossification

39
Q

Wheee do bones grow in length?

A

Epiphyseal plate

40
Q

How do bones grow in diameter?

A

Combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

41
Q

When does remodeling of bone happen?

A

Throughout life

42
Q

What is remodeling activity important for?

A

Homeostasis of blood calcium levels

43
Q

What happens when a bone fractures?

A

Tears and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to osteocytes

44
Q

What is callus?

A

Specialized repair tissue that binds the broken ends of the fracture together so healing can proceed

45
Q

How long does it take for fractures to repair?

A

Normally 8-12 weeks (longer in elderly)

46
Q

Stages of healing: fracture hematoma (1)

A

Clot forms, then osteogenic cells form granulation tissue

47
Q

Stages of healing: soft callus (2)

A

Fibroblasts produce fibers and fibrocartilage

48
Q

Stages of healing: hard callus (3)

A

Osteoblasts produce a bony collar in 6 weeks

49
Q

Stages of healing: remodeling (4)

A

3-4 months. Spongy bone replaced by compact bone

50
Q

Phases of repair of fractures

A
  1. Reactive phase- formation of fracture hematoma
    2a. Reparative phase- fibrocartiliginous callus formation
    2b. Reparative phase- bony callus formation
  2. Bone remodeling phase
51
Q

How does deficiency of vitamin A affect bone growth?

A

Retards bone development

52
Q

How does deficiency of vitamin C affect bone growth?

A

Results in fragile bones

53
Q

How does deficiency of vitamin D affect bone growth?

A

Rickets, osteomalacia (softening of bone)

54
Q

Insufficient growth hormone (bone growth)

A

Dwarfism

55
Q

Excessive growth hormone (bone growth)

A

Gigantism, acromegaly

56
Q

Insufficient thyroid hormone (bone growth)

A

Delays bone growth

57
Q

Sex hormones (bone growth)

A

Promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphysis plates

58
Q

Physical stress (bone growth)

A

Stimulates bone remodeling

59
Q

Ligaments

A

-connect bone to bone
-strengthen and reinforce capsule

60
Q

Bursae

A

Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, and/or bones rub

61
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas where tendons rub each other

62
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bones lose mass and become increasingly brittle and subject to fractures (more prevalent in women)

63
Q

Scoliosis

A

Curvature of the spine. Affects thoracic or lumbar area

64
Q

Kyphosis

A

Flattening of the spine (hunchback). Affects thoracic area

65
Q

Lordosis

A

Anterior pushing in of the spine. Affects lumbar area

Human Anatomy 1 (26 decks)

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