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Vascular > Chapter 5: Arterial Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Arterial Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The tendency of a body at rest to stay at rest or a body in a motion to stay in motion

A

inertia

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2
Q

The energy of work or motion; in the vascular system, it is, in part, represented by the velocity of blood flow

A

kinetic energy

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3
Q

Flow of a liquid in which it travels smoothly in parallel layers

A

laminar flow

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4
Q

The law that states the volume of a liquid flowing through a vessel is directly proportional to the pressure of the liquid and the fourth power of the radius and is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid and the length of the vessel

A

Poiseuille’s Law

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5
Q

The stored or resting energy; in the vascular system, it is the intravascular pressure

A

potential energy

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6
Q

The property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause fluid to flow

A

viscosity

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7
Q

Total energy of a system is made up of both _____ and _____ energy.

A

potential
kinetic

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8
Q

stored or resting energy; represented primarily by intravascular pressure which distends vessels; supplied by contraction of heart

A

potential energy

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9
Q

energy of work or motion

A

kinetic energy

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10
Q

highest pressure equal to 120 mm HG is found:

A

left ventricle of heart

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11
Q

Lowest pressure equal to 2-6 mm Hg

A

right atrium of heart

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12
Q

potential for doing work related to force of gravity

A

gravitational potential energy

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13
Q

pressure within vessels related to reference point of right atrium

A

hydrostatic pressure

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14
Q

The farther below the reference point, the _____ the hydrostatic pressure.

A

greater

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15
Q

Gravitational potential energy and hydrostatic pressure tend to:

A

cancel each other out

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16
Q

describes the relationship of energy, velocity, and pressure

A

Bernoulli Principle

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17
Q

when a fluid flows without a change in velocity from one point to another, the total energy content remains constant, providing no frictional losses

A

Bernoulli Principle

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18
Q

Energy is almost all dissipated in the form of heat because of ____.

A

friction

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19
Q

balance between potential energy (pressure) and kinetic energy (velocity)

A

total energy

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20
Q

If the velocity of blood goes up, there must be a pressure ____>

A

decrease

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21
Q

Energy “losses” are the result of ____ and ____.

A

viscosity
inertia

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22
Q

the property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause fluid to flow; friction existing between bordering layers of fluid

A

viscosity

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23
Q

_____ increases with increases in hematocrit

A

viscosity

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24
Q

most important influence of blood viscosity

A

hematocrit

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25
Q

tendency of a body at rest to stay at rest or a body in motion to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside forece

A

inertia

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26
Q

occur whenever blood is forced to change direction

A

inertial losses

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27
Q

Energy losses because of viscosity effects are ____ than those because of inertia

A

greater

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28
Q

rate of movement (displacement) with respect to time

A

velocity

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29
Q

units of velocity

A

distance per unit of time
cm/s; m/s

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30
Q

also referred to as volume flow

A

blood flow

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31
Q

represents the volume of something moved per unit of time

A

blood flow

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32
Q

units of blood flow

A

mL/s; L/s; mL/min; L/min

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33
Q

Velocity will vary inversely with _______

A

cross sectional area

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34
Q

velocity must ____ if area of a blood vessel decreases/

A

increase

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35
Q

The cross sectional area _____ moving from aorta, through arteries, then arterioles, into capillaries

A

increases

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36
Q

Blood velocity _____ as blood travels from aorta, through arteries, then arterioles, into capillaries

A

decreases

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37
Q

Why is the slowing down of blood flow important at the capillaries?

A

important in proper exchange of nutrients and waste

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38
Q

As blood is returned to the heart, velocity _____.

A

increases

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39
Q

describes the steady laminar flow of Newtonian fluids

A

Poiseuille’s Law

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40
Q

refers to a system where flow is nonpulsatile

A

steady flow

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41
Q

flow that moves in a series of layers

A

laminar flow

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42
Q

homogeneous fluid

A

Newtonian fluid

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43
Q

used to define pressure/flow relationships

A

Poiseuille’s Law

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44
Q

A greater change in pressure will produce a(n) _____ in flow.

A

increase

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45
Q

If viscosity of blood increases, flow will ____.

A

decrease

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46
Q

radius of a vessel is directly proportional to

A

flow

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47
Q

most important determinant of blood flow

A

radius of blood vessel

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48
Q

states that the current (flow) through two points is directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance between them

A

Ohm’s Law

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49
Q

What varies resistance by altering vessel radius?

A

smooth muscle cell layer within media of wall of vessel

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50
Q

For resistance in series, the total resistance equals to the sum of _______

A

individual resistances

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51
Q

For resistances in parallel, the _____ of the total resistance of the system equals the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances

A

reciprocal

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52
Q

The more parallel elements in a network, the _____ the overall resistance

A

lower

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53
Q

antegrade flow throughout cardiac cycle

A

low-resistance flow

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54
Q

low-resistance flow arteries

A

internal carotid
vertebral
celiac
splenic
hepatic
renal

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55
Q

displays both antegrade and retrograde flow

A

high-resistance flow

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56
Q

Radius of vessel decreases, _____ resistance to flow

A

increases

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57
Q

arteries with high-resistance flow

A

external carotid
subclavian
distal aorta
iliac
fasting superior mesentary
resting peripheral arteries

58
Q

Low resistance pattern results in a(n) _____ in blood flow to meet the increased metabolic demands

A

increase

59
Q

entrance to a vessel flow; all elements of blood flow stream will have the same velocities

A

plug flow

60
Q

Velocity is equal to approximately _____ the mean velocity across the entire cross section.

A

twice

61
Q

irregular motions of fluid elements

A

turbulent flow

62
Q

dimensionless quantity

A

Reynolds number

63
Q

proportional to inertial forces and to viscous forces acting on a fluid

A

Reynolds number

64
Q

directly proportional to velocity of blood, density of blood, and radius of vessels

A

Reynolds number

65
Q

inversely proportional to viscosity of blood

A

Reynolds number

66
Q

Re below 2000

A

flow will be laminar flow

67
Q

Re above 2000

A

turbulence will develop

68
Q

Principal function of the arterial system

A

distribute blood to the capillary beds throughout body

69
Q

converts intermittent (pulsatile) output of heart to a steady flow through capillaries

A

hydraulic filtering

70
Q

entire stroke volume discharged; part of energy of cardiac contraction dissipated as kinetic energy of the forward blood flow; remained stored as potential energy by distensible arteries

A

systole

71
Q

elastic recoil of arterial wall converts potential energy into blood flow; produces antegrade flow late in cycle

A

diastole

72
Q

change in volume divided by the change in pressure represents ______.

A

capicitance or compliance

73
Q

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

A

pulse pressure

74
Q

arterioles are known as _____ vessels

A

resistance

75
Q

nerve fibers release norepinephrine because it causes:

A

an increase in tone of arterioles

76
Q

resistance vessels _____ in response to high blood pressure and ____ in response to low blood pressure

A

dilate
constrict

77
Q

2 lesions that are areas of concern for artherosclerosis

A

fibrous and complicated plaque

78
Q

smooth surface, composed of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue, lacks calcification

A

fibrous plaque

79
Q

irregular surface, loss of normal endothelium and calcification present

A

complicated plaque

80
Q

Viscous energy losses within a stenosis are inversely proportional to _______ and directly proportional to its ____.

A

fourth power of radius
length

81
Q

small change in radius = ____ change in flow

A

large

82
Q

Doubling in length yields a _____ in associated energy losses

A

doubling

83
Q

Decrease in radius by half will _____ energy losses by a factor of 16.

A

increase

84
Q

degree of narrowing at which pressure and flow begin to be affected

A

critical stenosis

85
Q

Changes in pressure and flow do not occur until cross-sectional area has been reduced by ___%>

A

75

86
Q

preexisting pathways that enlarge with a stenosis or occlusion

A

collateral vessels

87
Q

Collateral vessels are divided into:

A

stem arteries, midzone collaterals, reentry arteries

88
Q

Blood flow increases with exercise to at least ____ times resting flow

A

3-5

89
Q

Energy within the vascular system is made up of potential energy stored as _________ and kinetic energy represented by the _____.

A

intravascular pressure
velocity of moving blood

90
Q

The hemodynamics of the arterial system includes unique relationships between ____, ______, and ____>

A

pressure
resistance
flow

91
Q

Blood flow is determined by changes in ____ and _____.

A

pressure
resistance

92
Q

The greatest impact to blood flow is the ______.

A

radius of a blood vessel

93
Q

______ are the main source of resistance within the vascular system

A

arterioles

94
Q

the energy of work or motion; in the vascular system, it is in part represented by the velocity of blood flow

A

kinetic energy

95
Q

the stored or resting energy; in the vascular system, it is the intravascular pressure

A

potential energy

96
Q

Flow of a liquid in which it travels smoothly in parallel layers

A

laminar flow

97
Q

the law that states the volume flow of a liquid flowing through a vessel is directly proportional to the pressure of the liquid and the fourth power of the radius and is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid and length of the vessel

A

Poiseuille’s Law

98
Q

the tendency of a body at rest to stay at rest or a body in motion to stay in motion

A

inertia

99
Q

The property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause fluid to flow

A

viscosity

100
Q

Where in the vascular system is the lowest energy represented by the lowest pressure located?

A

the right atrium

101
Q

Which of the following statements regarding gravitational energy and hydrostatic pressure is FALSE?
a. they are components of the total energy in the vascular system
b. They tend to cancel each other out
c. They are components of the kinetic energy in the vascular system
d. They are expressed in relation to a reference point

A

c

102
Q

What causes blood in the vascular system to move from point to the next?

A

pressure or energy gradient

103
Q

In the entire vascular system, how does the cross-sectional area of vessels change?

A

increases from the aorta to the capillary level

104
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the velocity of blood flow is FALSE?
a. velocity refers to the rate of displacement of blood in time
b. the velocity of blood increases from the capillaries to the venous system
c. the velocity of blood increases from the aorta to the capillaries
d. the velocity of blood changes with cross-sectional areas of the vessels

A

c

105
Q

Which of the following could NOT be used as a unit to measure flow volume?
a. mL/s
b. m/s
c.cL/min
d. L/min

A

v

106
Q

In the vascular system, what represents the potential difference or voltage in Ohm’s law?

A

pressure gradient

107
Q

Changes in which of the following will most significantly affect resistance in the vascular system?
a. volume flow
b. velocity
c. viscosity of blood
d. radius of vessels

A

d

108
Q

When vessels are arranged in parallel, how does this affect the entire system?

A

lower total resistance than when vessels are in series

109
Q

Which of the following characterizes low-resistance flow?
a. retrograde flow
b. alternating antegrade/retrograde flow
c. antegrade flow
d. constriction of arteriolar bed

A

c

110
Q

Which of the following characteristics regarding high-resistance flow is false?
a. the flow profile may be two to three phases
b. the flow displays alternating antegrade/retrograde flow
c. the flow profile is owing to vasoconstriction of arterioles
d. the flow profile is owing to vasodilation of arterioles

A

d

111
Q

What flow profile is typically demonstrated at the entrance of a vessel?

A

plug flow

112
Q

Which of the following statements regarding laminar flow is FALSE?
a. the layers of cells at the center of the vessels move the fastest
b. the layers of cells at the wall of the vessels do not move
c. The velocity at the center of the vessels is half the mean velocity
d. The difference in velocities between layers is owing to friction

A

c

113
Q

What is required to move blood flow in a turbulent system?

A

greater pressure

114
Q

What is the function of the hydraulic filter of the arterial system (composed of elastic arteries and high-resistance arterioles)?

A

distribute flow to the capillaries

115
Q

In diastole, how is the conversion of potential energy into blood flow accomplished?

A

elastic recoil of the arteries

116
Q

How is the resistance in the arterial system controlled/

A

by the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the media of arterioles

117
Q

Which of the following will result when norepinephrine is released by the sympathetic nervous system?
a. the relaxation of smooth muscle cells in arterioles is triggered
b. the contraction of smooth muscle cells is triggered
c. no effect on the smooth muscle cells in arterioles
d. no effect on the tone of the arteriole walls

A

b

118
Q

Most prominently, abnormal energy losses in the arterial system would result from pathologies such as obstruction and/or stenoses because of which of the following?
a. the increased length of the stenosis
b. the friction from the atherosclerotic plawue
c. the decrease in the vessel’s radius
d. the increased viscosity

A

c

119
Q

Which of the following statements about collateral vessels is FALSE?
a. collaterals are preexisting pathways
b. the resistance in collaterals is mostly fixed
c. vasodilator drugs have a large effect on collaterals
d. midzone collaterals are small intramuscular branches

A

c

120
Q

In the human body, the major component of the blood influencing viscosity is ____.

A

hematocrit

121
Q

The highest pressure in the vascular system is found in the _____.

A

left ventricle of the heart

122
Q

When moving farther from the reference point of the right atrium, the hydrostatic pressure is _____.

A

reduced

123
Q

The principle stating that the total energy remains constant from one point to another without changes in flow velocity is _____.

A

Bernoulli’s Principle

124
Q

Inertia and viscosity are two components of the vascular system contributing to ____.

A

energy “losses”

125
Q

In the vascular system, if the volume of blood or flow remains the same, a decrease in the area of a vessel should trigger a(n) ______ in the velocity of blood.

A

increase

126
Q

The law defined by the statement that the current through two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance between them is _____.

A

Ohm’s law

127
Q

The total resistance in a system where the elements are arranged in a series is the ____ of the individual resistances/

A

sum

128
Q

A low-resistance flow profile characteristically displays ______ flow throughout the cardiac cycle/

A

antegrade

129
Q

The third antegrade phase seen in a high-resistance flow profile is related to _____ of the proximal vessels.

A

compliance

130
Q

After exercise, under normal conditions, the resistance of the tissue bed in the lower extremities will change from _______.

A

high resistance to low resistance

131
Q

In laminar flow, the “layers” of cells at the center of the vessel move _____ than the layers closest to the wall of the vessel.

A

faster

132
Q

Turbulence in a blood vessel is mostly the result of change in the velocity of blood and the ____ of the vessel.

A

radius

133
Q

The Reynolds number above which turbulence of flow starts to occur is _____.

A

2000

134
Q

The arterial system can be compared to the ______ of the resistance-capicitance filters of an electrical circuit.

A

hydraulic filter

135
Q

Pulse pressure in the arterial system is the difference between _____ and ______ pressure.

A

systolic
diastolic

136
Q

An example of a local feedback mechanism that controls blood flow is that a drop in interstitial _____ will trigger the arterioles to dilate.

A

oxygen

137
Q

In an area of atherosclerotic plaque, the exposure of the subendothelial collagen matrix is _______ and may cause platelet accumulation.

A

thrombogenic

138
Q

Energy losses caused by stenosis will be more pronounced with less diameter reduction in a ____ resistance system.

A

low

139
Q

Under normal conditions with exercise, blood flow _____ by at least three to five times the resting value.

A

increases

140
Q
A

Vascular (33 decks)

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