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Vascular > Chapter 3: Ergonomics: Avoiding Work-Related Injury > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Ergonomics: Avoiding Work-Related Injury Flashcards

1
Q

When body parts are positioned away from their neutral position. The postures can put stress on the joints and their associated muscles. The further from neutral, and the longer the duration, the greater the potential risk

A

awkward postures

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2
Q

sustained contact between a body part and an external object

A

contact stress

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3
Q

The period of time that a body part is exposed to an ergonomic risk factor. `

A

duration

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4
Q

The exertion of physical effort applied by a body part to perform a task.

A

force

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5
Q

The force exerted by an object

A

load/loading

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6
Q

the force exerted by the muscle on an object

A

muscle tension

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7
Q

Repeated motions, often including other ergonomic risk factors and/or awkward posture.

A

repetition

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8
Q

A body part held in a single position over a long period of time.

A

static postures

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9
Q

caused by:
repetitive wrist motions, repetitive shoulder motions, sustained hyperextension of arms, prolonged load on shoulders

symptoms:
pain, weakness, swelling, burning sensation, dull ache over affected area

A

tendonitis/tenosynovitis

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10
Q

tendonitis of the medial or lateral elbow tendons

A

epicondylitis

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11
Q

caused by:
repeated or forceful rotation of the forearm and bending of the wrist at the same time

symptoms: pain, weakness, swelling, burning sensation, dull ache over affected area

A

epicondylitis

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12
Q

caused by:
repetitive wrist motions

symptoms: pain, numbness, tingling, burning sensations, wasting of muscles at base of thumb, dry palm

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

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13
Q

caused by:
repetitive hand twisting and forceful gripping

symptoms: pain at base of thumb

A

deQuervian disease

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14
Q

caused by:
prolonged shoulder flexion, extending arms abover shoulder height, carrying loads on shoulder

symptoms:
pain, numbness, swelling of the hands

A

thoracic outlet syndrome

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15
Q

caused by:
prolong restricted posture

symptoms:
pain

A

Tension Neck Syndrome

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16
Q

aching and tiredness of the affected limb occurs during the work shift but disappear at night and during days off work. No reduction of work performances.

A

early stage WRMSDs

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17
Q

aching and tiredness occur early in work shift and persist at night. Reduced capacity for repetitive work.

A

intermediate stage WRMSDs

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18
Q

aching, fatigue, and weakness persist at rest. Inability to sleep and to perform light duties.

A

late stage WRMSDs

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19
Q

painful conditions that are caused by or aggravated by workplace activities

A

work-related musculoskeletal disorders

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20
Q

lack of influence or control over one’s job
increased demands
lark of or poor communication
monotonous tasks
perception of low support

A

psychosocial risk factors

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21
Q

result of accumulation of microtrauma from prolonged periods of exposure to risk factors

A

WRMSDs

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22
Q

utilizes chemical energy from metabolized carbohydrates and produces lactic acid as a byproduct

A

muscle contraction

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23
Q

sign that muscles are overloaded and there is build up of lactic acid

A

pain

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24
Q

fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bone

A

tendons

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25
Q

associated with tendon sheaths

A

tenosynovitis

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26
Q

The sheath provides ______, which keeps tendon lubricated, allowing it to elongate without adhering to surrounding fascia

A

synovial fluid

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27
Q

result when an inflamed sheath fills with lubricating fluid and causes a bump under the skin

A

Ganglion cysts

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28
Q

affects tendons without sheaths

A

tendonitis

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29
Q

inflammation of the tendons

A

tendonities

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30
Q

bursa inflammation

A

bursitis

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31
Q

consists of bundles of fibers that carry signals between the brain and spinal cord or other parts of the body to control activities of muscles and convey impulses of sensation

A

nerves

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32
Q

muscle weakness, tingling sensations, numbness

A

nerve compression

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33
Q

most common symptom of WRMSDs

A

pain

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34
Q

requires excess muscle tiring and, as a result, a quicker onset of fatigue

A

awkward posture

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35
Q

required the least amount of muscular effort, protects muscles and tendons from overloading and subsequent risk of injury

A

neutral posture

36
Q

The knees should be slightly ____ than hips when seated

A

lower

37
Q

No more than ___ degree arm abduction

A

30

38
Q

Position ultrasound system _____ to exam table with no appreciable space between the two.

A

parallel

39
Q

Adjust the system monitor so that the top of the monitor is at _____.

A

eye level

40
Q

Maintain elbow of nonscanning arm at the side of the body with ____ degree or more elbow flexion

A

90

41
Q

Position patient at ____ edge of exam table to reduce abduction and reach of scanning arm

A

nearst

42
Q

period of time that a body part is exposed to an ergonomic risk factor

A

duration

43
Q

situation when body parts are positioned away from their neutral position

A

awkward postures

44
Q

the force exerted by an object on a contracted muscle

A

load/loading

45
Q

situation when a body part is held in a single position over a long period of time

A

static posture

46
Q

sustained contact between a body part and an external object

A

contact stress

47
Q

repeated motion that includes other ergonomic risk factors, such as force and/or awkward posture

A

repetition

48
Q

the exertion of physical effort applied by a body part to perform a task

A

force

49
Q

At what age do work-related musculoskeletal disorders generally peaK?

A

45-54

50
Q

What causes most work-related musculoskeletal disorders?

A

repeated exposure to one or more risk factos

51
Q

Which of the following are risk factors for the development of of WRMSDs?
a. exerting excessive force
b. contact pressure of a body part
c. vibration
d. all of the above

A

d

52
Q

What is the most commonly reported symptom reported by sonographers?

A

shoulder pain

53
Q

According to the 1997 Health Care Benefit Trust study, what percentage of sonographers reported musculoskeletal pain related to scanning?

A

90%

54
Q

What is a major result of repeated exposure to risk factors for WRMSDs?

A

interference with ability of the body to recover

55
Q

Which condition results in compression of nerves and deterioration of tendons and ligaments?
a. microtears
b. degeneration
c. inflammation
d. swelling

A

c

56
Q

What is the by-product of muscle metabolism that, when built up, results in pain?

A

lactic acid

57
Q

Which of the following results from friction between a tendon and its sheath, resulting in inflammation and swelling of the tendon?
a. tendonitis
b. tenosynovitis
c. bursitis
d. epicondylitis

A

b

58
Q

What can result when an inflamed tendon sheath fills with lubricating fluid, causing a bump under the skin?

A

ganglion cyst

59
Q

What can result when a tendon attempts to bear the load usually required of a muscle?

A

bursitis

60
Q

What percentage of sonographers who were symptomatic for WRMSDs suffered career-ending injuries?

A

20%

61
Q

What is the type of posture that requires the least amount of muscular effort, protecting muscles and tendons from injury?

A

neutral posture

62
Q

During performance of an ultrasound examination, under what degree of abduction should the sonographer keep their scanning arm?

A

30

63
Q

When adjusting the monitor of the ultrasound system, to what level should the top of the monitor be positioned?

A

eye level

64
Q

What type of grip would be best to use when holding the transducer?
a. palmar
b. pinch
c. tight
d. force

A

a

65
Q

What regulatory agency determines the laws and requirements that employers must follow regarding workplace safety?

A

OSHA

66
Q

Which equipment piece should be adjusted throughout the ultrasound exam?
a. chair
b. table
c. ultrasound machine
d. all of the above

A

d

67
Q

When performing an ultrasound exam on a difficult to image patient (high BMI, limited mobility), the sonographer should do all of the following EXCEPT:
a. limit the time during the exam to minimize exposure to WRMSD risk factors
b. use correct body mechanics throughout as much as possible
c. push as hard as possible throughout the entire exam using a forceful grip on the transducer
d. accept any limitations of the imaging capabilities for the exam

A

c

68
Q

What adjustment do most sonographers NOT do with the exam table during an ultrasound exam?

A

lower is enough to minimize arm abduction

69
Q

______ is defined as painful conditions that are caused or aggravated by workplace activities

A

WRMSDs

70
Q

Despite many improvements in ergonomic equipment and training, a 2009 study reported that ____% of clinical sonographers reported symptoms of WRMSDs, an increase from the 1997 study.

A

90

71
Q

Risk factors and injuries related to WRMSDs may not be readily apparent as symptoms occur after ______.

A

prolonged exposure

72
Q

Awkward postures often lead to restriction of blood flow into contracted muscles as a result of ______ on the blood vessels

A

compression

73
Q

Recovery time is important to muscle function because it allows the muscles to relax and for _____ to be flushed out.

A

lactic acid

74
Q

The general term for inflammation of the tendon, usually as a result of repeated stress causing tendon fibers to tear, is ______.

A

tendonitis

75
Q

A sac of lubricating fluid that is present in a joint where tendons pass through a narrow space between bones is known as a _____.

A

sheath

76
Q

Inflammation can result in nerve _____, causing weakness, tingling sensations, and numbness.

A

injury

77
Q

From the standpoint of prevention of WRMSDs, it is better to ____ the ultrasound system during transport rather than ____ it.

A

push
pull

78
Q

Symptoms of WRMSDs may be present at _____, after prolonged exposure to risks rather than while performing work tasks.

A

rest

79
Q

One of the most prevalent risk factors for sonographers is ______, which requires excess muscle firing and a quicker onset of fatigue.

A

muscle injury

80
Q

When performing an ultrasound exam, the ultrasound system should be positioned _____ to the exam table, with no appreciable space between the two.

A

parallel

81
Q

Elbow flexion of either the scanning or nonscanning arm should be ____ degrees or more.

A

90

82
Q

When using a chair, the height should be adjusted to maintain a neutral trunk, neck, and arm posture and ensure that the knees are slightly _____ than the hips.

A

lower

83
Q

During a sonographic procedure, the patient should be positioned at the _____ edge of the exam table to reduce abduction and reach.

A

nearst

84
Q

Providing an external _____ for the patient to observe can prevent twisting of the neck and back of the sonographer.

A

monitor

85
Q

Not only should the ultrasound exam room and equipment be adjusted ergonomically, but the _____ workstation used for PACS or electronic medical records entry should also be adjustable.

A

computer

86
Q

A simple modification to reduce strain and fatigue of the shoulder and neck muscles is to support the scanning using _____ or a _____ under the elbow.

A

support cushions
rolled up towel

87
Q

Employer and academic programs as well as professional organizations provide options for ongoing _____ and _____ regarding proper scanning techniques and avoiding work-related injuries.

A

education
training

Vascular (33 decks)

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