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Vascular > Chapter 4: Vascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Vascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

a small artery with a muscular wall; a terminal artery that continues into the capillary network

A

arteriole

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2
Q

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

A

artery

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3
Q

a small blood vessel with only endothelium and basement membrane through which exchange of nutrients and waste occurs

A

capillary

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4
Q

A vessel, adjacent or parallel to another vessel, which can enlarge to and in carrying blood flow around a blockage.

A

collateral

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5
Q

a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart

A

vein

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6
Q

a small vein that is continuous with a capillary

A

venule

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7
Q

carry blood rich in nutrients and oxygen from heart out to various organs and tissue beds

A

arteries

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8
Q

return deoxygenated blood with waste materials back toward the heart

A

veins

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9
Q

3 layers of walls of a vessel

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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10
Q

inner most layer of vessel wall; consists of endothelial lining with connect tissue components beneath it; layer is in contact with the blood

A

tunica intima

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11
Q

middle layer within a vessel; strong muscular layer; thickest component of an arterial wall; composed mainly of smooth muscle cells circularly arranged around the vessel; varying amounts of elastic fibers and collagen present

A

tunica media

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12
Q

outermost layer of blood vessel; in contact with tissue surrounding vessel; composed of collagen. nerve fibers, and small blood vessels

A

tunica adventitia

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13
Q

small blood vessels in walls of large arteries and veins

A

vasa vasorum

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14
Q

about 100 microns or less in diameter; known as the “stopcocks”

A

arterioles

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15
Q

principle point of resistance to blood flow within vascular system

A

arterioles

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16
Q

average 4 mm diameter; includes all arteries excluding: brachiocephalic, aorta, left common carotid, left subclavian, common iliac

A

small and medium sized arteries

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17
Q

blood vessel walls are thinner

A

veins

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18
Q

smallest component of the venous system; measure 20 microns in diameter; walls mainly composed of connective tissues

A

venules

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19
Q

range in diameter from 1 to 10 mm; include all the veins except portal vein, vena cavae, and main tributaries; have a thin media and thicker adventitia

A

small and medium sized veins

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

prevent retrograde movement of blood

A

valves

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22
Q

formed by inward projections of intima

A

valves

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23
Q

valve where two leaflets are shaped as semilunar cusps

A

bicuspid

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24
Q

slightly enlarged space between wall of vein and valve

A

sinus

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25
Q

smallest vessel in the body

A

capillary

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26
Q

ideal for diffusion of products across capillaries; primary place in body where nutrient exchange occurs

A

capillary

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27
Q

Blood enters the capillary from the arterial side via:

A

arterioles

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28
Q

Blood leaves the capillary on the venous side via:

A

venules

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29
Q

principle arteries supplying head and neck

A

right and left CCAs
right and left ICAs
ECA
vertebral arteries

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30
Q

arises from aortic arch

A

left CCA

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31
Q

originates from the brachiocephalic artery

A

right CCA

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32
Q

bifurcates into ICA and ECA in midcervical region at superior border of thyroid cartilage or at about level of 4th cervical vertebrae

A

CCA

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33
Q

supply brain and eyes

A

right and left ICAs

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34
Q

3 main segments of the ICA

A

cervical, petrous, intracranial

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35
Q

begins at carotid bifurcation and extends to base of the skull, usually lie posterior and lateral to ECAs, have no extracranial branches

A

cervical segment

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36
Q

courses vertically and horizontally through petrous temporal bone

A

petrous

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37
Q

terminates into 4 branchs:
anterior cerebral
middle cerebral
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal

A

intracranial

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38
Q

medial and anterior to ICAs, 8 major branches; supplies blood flow to face and neck

A

ECA

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39
Q

anterior branches of ECA

A

superior thyroid, lingual, facial,p

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40
Q

posterior branches of ECA

A

occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal

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41
Q

terminal branches of ECA

A

internal maxillary, superficial temporal

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42
Q

first branch of ECA

A

superficial thyroid

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43
Q

arise off upper posterior aspect of subclavian arteries and ascend neck

A

vertebral arteries

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44
Q

Which vertebral artery is usually dominant?

A

left

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45
Q

unique arrangement of branches of ICAs and vertebral arteries; provides a vital collateral network to maintain cerebral perfusion in event of disease

A

circle of Willis

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46
Q

courses through neck and returns blood from portions of the cranial cavity, face, and neck; flows into subclavian vein

A

external jugular

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47
Q

collects blood from brain and superficial parts of face and neck; courses along anterolateral edge of ICA and CCA; unites with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic veins

A

internal jugular

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48
Q

formed from numerous small tributaries of internal vertebral venous plexuses; join with small veins from muscles of neck and form a dense plexus around vertebral artery

A

vertebral veinsem

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49
Q

empties into brachiocephalic vein

A

vertebral vein

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50
Q

main supplier of blood traveling through front and dorsal nasal arteries feeding into opthalmic artery

A

ECA

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51
Q

most important collateral pathway

A

Circle of Willis

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52
Q

first and largest branch of aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic artery

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53
Q

second branch of aortic arch

A

left CCA

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54
Q

last branch of aortic arch

A

left subclavian artery

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55
Q

give rise to branches that supply brain, neck, thoracic wall, and shoulder

A

subclavian arteries

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56
Q

usually slightly larger than radial artery

A

ulnar artery

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57
Q

major branches of ulnar artery

A

ulnar recurrent, interosseus, palmar and dorsal carpal branches, deep palmar and superficial palmar

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58
Q

passes along radial aspect of forearm to wrist and winds around lateral aspect of wrist to dorsum of wrist

A

radial artery

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59
Q

Branches of the radial artery

A

radial recurrent, muscular, palmar carpal, superficial palmar

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60
Q

collateral flow can enter distal subclavian artery via vertebral artery

A

brachiocephalic or subclavian artery occlusion

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61
Q

formed by the radial collateral artery and the radial recurrent artery reentering distal radial artery

A

lateral vascular arcade

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62
Q

formed by middle collarteral artery and the interosseus recurrent artery that reenter the anterior interosseus artery

A

posterior vascular arcade

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63
Q

radial part of venous network upper extremity drains into:

A

cephalic vein

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64
Q

ulnar part of venous network upper extremity drains into:

A

basilic vein

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65
Q

flow over palmar surface of wrist; help form medial antebrachial veins

A

palmar digital veins

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66
Q

superficial veins of the arm

A

cephalic
basilic
meial antebrachial vein

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67
Q

winds around radial border of forearm; continues along lateral border of biceps muscle; empties into axillary vein just below clavicle

A

cephalic vein

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68
Q

courses along ulnar aspect of forearm; continues proximally along medial border of biceps muscles; joins brachial vein to form the axillary vein

A

basilic

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69
Q

cephalic and basilic communicate with; courses forearm slightly toward ulnar side of arm; ends into either median cubital or basilic vein

A

medial antebrachial vein

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70
Q

begins at junction of brachial and basilic veins; becomes subclavian vein just past outer border of first rib at point of termination of cephalic vein; lies medial to axillary artery

A

axillary vein

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71
Q

formed at junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins at each side of base of neck

A

brachiocephalic veins

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72
Q

formed by junction of two brachiocephalic veins just behind right side of sternum

A

superior vena cava

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73
Q

continuation of aorta beyond aortic arch

A

descending thoracic aorta

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74
Q

branches of descending thoracic aorta

A

bronchial
esophageal
phrenic
intercostal
subcostal

75
Q

begins at level or 12th thoracic vertebra as it passes through aortic hiatus of diaphragm

A

abdominal aorta

76
Q

3 major branches off anterior aspect of abdominal aorta

A

celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric

77
Q

first anterior branch off abdominal aorta

A

celiac artery

78
Q

celiac artery gives rise to what branches?

A

hepatic
splenic
left gastic

79
Q

second anterior branch off abdominal aorta

A

superior mesenteric artery

80
Q

supplies most of small intestine and some of large intestine

A

superior mesenteric artery

81
Q

last anterior branch of abdominal aorta

A

inferior mesenteric artery

82
Q

supplies mainly the large intestine

A

inferior mesenteric artery

83
Q

branch off lateral aspect of aorta 1=2 cm below SMA

A

renal arteries

84
Q

The ____ renal artery is longer than the ____ renal artery.

A

right
left

85
Q

arteries located below level of renal arteries

A

ovarian/testicular arteries

86
Q

4 pairs; posterior off aorta

A

lumbar arteries

87
Q

small posterior branch of aorta; arises just above bifurcation of iliac vessels

A

middle sacral artery

88
Q

internal iliac arteries are also known as:

A

hypogastric arteries

89
Q

supply pelvic organs

A

internal iliac arteries

90
Q

The external iliac arteries before bifurcation at the inguinal ligament

A

common femoral arteries

91
Q

carries fully oxygenated blood into the liver; typically supplies 30% of total blood flow into liver

A

hepatic artery

92
Q

receives remaining 70% of blood flow; forms at confluence of splenic and superior mesenteric veins posterior to neck of pancreas and anterior to IVC

A

portal vein

93
Q

drainage of the liver

A

hepatic veins (right, middle, left)

94
Q

primary collateral pathway between CA and SMA

A

pancreaticoduodenal arcade

95
Q

SMA and IMA linked via marginal artery of _____ and arc of _____.

A

Drummon
Riolan

96
Q

continuation of external iliac artery below inguinal ligament

A

common femoral artery

97
Q

divides into superficial femoral and profunda femoris

A

common femoral artery

98
Q

also known as deep femoral artery

A

profunda femoris artery

99
Q

continuation of superficial femoral artery

A

poplital artery

100
Q

branches of poplital artery

A

sural
genicular

101
Q

Terminal branches of popliteal artery

A

anterior tibial
posterior tibial
peroneal

102
Q

passes through an opening in the interosseous membrane; proceeds distal in anterior compartment of leg; continues anterior to ankle joint and bcomes dorsalis pedis artery

A

anterior tibial artery

103
Q

courses medially in posterior compartment of leg; continues posteriorly to medial malleolus; terminates into medial and lateral plantar arteries

A

posterior tibial artery

104
Q

located deep within the leg; descends along medial aspect of fibula; terminates into branchs that communicate with posterior and anterior tibial arteries

A

peroneal artery

105
Q

arteries of the foot

A

medial and lateral plantar
dorsalis pedis

106
Q

joins into GSV just anterior to medial malleolus

A

dorsal venous arch of foot

107
Q

longest vein in the body

A

GSV

108
Q

ascends leg medially before terminates into CFV at saphenfemoral junction

A

GSV

109
Q

begins as a continuation of the lateral segment of dorsal venous arch of foot; courses posteriorly up calf; terminates into popliteal vein at saphenopopliteal junction

A

small saphenous vein

110
Q

communicates with GSV; found in 30% of people; known as vein of Giacomni

A

cranial extension of SSV

111
Q

continues as medial and lateral plantar veins; unite to form tibial veins

A

deep plantar arch

112
Q

joins posterior tibial veins to form tibio-peroneal trunk veins

A

peroneal veins

113
Q

continuation of venae comitantes of dorsalis pedis artery; pass between tibia and fibula through upper part of interosseus membrane

A

anterior tibial veins

114
Q

continuation of popliteal vein; accompanies superficial femoral artery to groin

A

femoral vein

115
Q

courses along thigh along profunda femoriis artery; unite to form common femoral vein

A

profunda femoral

116
Q

lies medial to common femoral artery

A

common femoral vein

117
Q

continuation of CFV above inguinal ligament

A

external iliac veins

118
Q

a small blood vessel with only endothelium and basement membrane through which exchange of nutrients and waste occurs

A

capillary

119
Q

a small vein that is continuous with a capillary

A

venule

120
Q

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

A

artery

121
Q

a small artery with a muscular wall; a terminal artery, which continues into the capillary network

A

arteriole

122
Q

A vessel, adjacent to or parallel to another vessel, that can enlarge to aid in carrying blood flow around a blockage

A

collateral

123
Q

a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart

A

vein

124
Q

At which level of the circulatory system does exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste, and nutrients occur?

A

capillaries

125
Q

Which statement describes the exchange of nutriets and oxygen at the level of the capillaries?
a. carbon dioxide and waste reabsorption takes place in the venules
b. nutrient and oxygen exchange is simultaneous to carbon dioxide and waster exchange
c. Nutrients and oxygen exchange occurs at the venous side only
d. capillary permeability for nutrient and oxygen exchange is the same within all tissue beds

A

b

126
Q

Which statement describes capillary permeability to large molecules?
a. it is the same in all tissues
b. it varies depending on the characteristics of the tissue bed
c. it only varies with tissue beds in the brain
d. It is selective only in the liver

A

b

127
Q

Why can arterioles control resistance of the vascular bed?

A

They have concentric layers of smooth muscle cells

128
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a large elastic artery?
a. the common carotid arteries
b. the superficial femoral arteries
c. the common iliac arteries
d. the aorta

A

b

129
Q

What is the main difference between arteries and veins of similar size in regard to the composition of their walls?

A

veins have thinner walls overall with less muscle

130
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a large vein?
a. the portal vein
b. the ivc
c. the svc
d. the brachial vein

A

d

131
Q

Which statement regarding venous valves is FALSE?
a. They allow for bidirectional flow under normal conditions
b. They are more numberous in the veins of lower extremities
c. They are usually absent from veins in the thorax and abdomen
d. They have only two leaflets

A

a

132
Q

Which structure forms venous valves?

A

projections of the intima layer

133
Q

Which statement regarding the first branch of the internal carotid artery is TRUE?
a. The opthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the petrous level
b. The ophthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the cervical level
c. The ophthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the intracranial level
d. The internal carotid artery does not have branches

A

c

134
Q

From where does the left common carotid artery typically arise?

A

the aortic arch

135
Q

Which of the following branches of the external carotid artery is considered an anterior branch?
a. occipital artery
b. superficial temportal artery
c. ascending pharyngeal artery
d. lingual artery

A

d

136
Q

Which intracranial vessel is formed by the junction of the two vertebral arteries?

A

basilar artery

137
Q

Which statement regarding the venous drainage of the head and neck is FALSE?
a. drainage occurs in the posterior portion via vertebral veins
b. vertebral veins are formed by a dense venous plexus
c. The external jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins
d. The internal jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins

A

c

138
Q

Which tissues do branches of the right or left subclavian arteries supply?

A

the brain, neck, thoracic wall, and shoulder

139
Q

Which artery is NOT typically a branch of the ulnar arteries?
a. the radial artery
b. the interosseous artery
c. the recurrent ulnar artery
d. the superficial palmar arch

A

a

140
Q

Which vessels create a lateral vascular arcade that form a potential collateral pathway for the radial artery?

A

radial collateral and radial recurrent arteries

141
Q

Which two veins join to form the brachiocephalic veins?

A

internal jugular and subclavian veins

142
Q

Which of the following is NOT a superficial vein of the upper extremities?
a. interosseus veins
b. basilic veins
c. cephalic veins
d. median antebrachial veins

A

a

143
Q

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk or celiac artery?

A

splenic
left gastric
common hepatic

144
Q

What is the landmark that indicates the change in name of the external iliac arteries to the common femoral arteries?

A

inguinal ligament

145
Q

What is another name for the internal iliac arteries?

A

hypogastric arteries

146
Q

Which vessel is formed by the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

A

portal vein

147
Q

Which two vessels are typically linked via the marginal artery of Drummond and the arc of Riolan?

A

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

148
Q

What is the landmark that delineates the superficial femoral artery from the popliteal artery?

A

the adductor canal

149
Q

Which of the following are the terminal brnaches of the popliteal artery?
a. the genicular and peroneal arteries
b. the genicular and sural arteries
c. the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries
d. the interosseus artery and tibioperoneal trunk

A

c

150
Q

Where does the deep venous system of the lower extremities start?

A

the deep plantar arch

151
Q

Typically, what happens as the popliteal vein ascends through the adductor canal?

A

the veins moves from medial to lateral of the artery

152
Q

Which vessel is formed by the confluence of the profunda femoris and femoral veins?

A

common femoral vein

153
Q

Which artery provides most collaterals that bypass superficial femoral or popliteal artery occlusions?

A

deep femoral artery

154
Q

Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs mainly at the level of _____ in the circulatory system.

A

capillaries

155
Q

The venous side of the capillaries is drained by ______.

A

venules

156
Q

Arterioles are the main control of _____ of the circulatory system.

A

contraction

157
Q

Arteries are classified not only according to size but also in the composition of their ____.

A

walls

158
Q

The femoral arteries, brachial arteries, and the mesenteric arteries are examples of _____.

A

medium sized arteries

159
Q

Lower extremity veins have _____ walls than upper extremity veins.

A

thicker

160
Q

The thickest layer in large veins is the ______.

A

adventitia

161
Q

The bulk of the wall composition in large veins is an adventitia that contains:

A

mostly collagen and some elastic tissue

162
Q

The valves found in veins are called _____ because they have two semilunar leaflets/

A

bicuspid

163
Q

The precavernous, cavernous, and supraclinoid levels correspond to segments of the _____ internal carotid artery.

A

intracranial

164
Q

The first branch of the external carotid artery is the ______ artery.

A

superficial thyroid

165
Q

The size of the vertebral arteries varies, but usually the ____ vertebral artery is dominant.

A

left

166
Q

A unique arrangement of the intracranial branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries serving as an important collateral network is called _____.

A

circle of Willis

167
Q

The first and largest branch of the aortic arch is the ______.

A

brachiocephalic (innominate) artery

168
Q

A common variant of the ____ artery, which occurs in about 15 to 20% of the population, is the bifurcation occuring more proximally in the arm/

A

brachial

169
Q

Typically, the ________ is considered the first and largest branch of the brachial artery./

A

deep brachial/profunda brachii

170
Q

The upper extremity superficial vein coursing along the medial border of the biceps muscle is the _____

A

basilic vein

171
Q

The axillary vein begins at the junction of the ____ and _____ veins.

A

brachial
basilic

172
Q

The bronchial, esophageal, phrenic, intercostal, and subcostal arteries are branches of the _____.

A

descending aorta

173
Q

The superior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta approximately ____ cm below the origin of the celiac artery.

A

1

174
Q

Two branches of the anterior-lateral surface of the aorta just below the level of the renal arteries are the _____.

A

testicular/ovarian arteries

175
Q

The right and left common iliac arteries bifurcate from the abdominal aorta, typically at the level of the _____.

A

fourth lumbar vertevra

176
Q

At the level of the aortic bifurcation, the ____ common iliac vein passes beneath the ____ common iliac artery.

A

left
right

177
Q

The three hepatic veins drain the liver and empty directly into the ____.

A

IVC

178
Q

A primary collateral pathway between the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries is the _____.

A

pancreaticoduodenal arcade

179
Q

Another name of the deep femoral artery is the _____ artery.

A

profunda femoris

180
Q

The ______ artery passes through an opening in the interosseus membrane and proceeds distally in the anterior compartment of the lower leg.

A

anterior tibial

181
Q

The continuation of the lateral segment of the dorsal venous arch is _____.

A

small saphenous vein

182
Q

The small saphenous vein terminates into the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction in about ____% of individuals.

A

70

183
Q

The veins that pass deep within the leg and ascend along the medial aspect of the fibula are the _____ arteries.

A

perforating

Vascular (33 decks)

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