Chapter 4: Vascular Anatomy Flashcards
a small artery with a muscular wall; a terminal artery that continues into the capillary network
arteriole
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
artery
a small blood vessel with only endothelium and basement membrane through which exchange of nutrients and waste occurs
capillary
A vessel, adjacent or parallel to another vessel, which can enlarge to and in carrying blood flow around a blockage.
collateral
a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart
vein
a small vein that is continuous with a capillary
venule
carry blood rich in nutrients and oxygen from heart out to various organs and tissue beds
arteries
return deoxygenated blood with waste materials back toward the heart
veins
3 layers of walls of a vessel
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
inner most layer of vessel wall; consists of endothelial lining with connect tissue components beneath it; layer is in contact with the blood
tunica intima
middle layer within a vessel; strong muscular layer; thickest component of an arterial wall; composed mainly of smooth muscle cells circularly arranged around the vessel; varying amounts of elastic fibers and collagen present
tunica media
outermost layer of blood vessel; in contact with tissue surrounding vessel; composed of collagen. nerve fibers, and small blood vessels
tunica adventitia
small blood vessels in walls of large arteries and veins
vasa vasorum
about 100 microns or less in diameter; known as the “stopcocks”
arterioles
principle point of resistance to blood flow within vascular system
arterioles
average 4 mm diameter; includes all arteries excluding: brachiocephalic, aorta, left common carotid, left subclavian, common iliac
small and medium sized arteries
blood vessel walls are thinner
veins
smallest component of the venous system; measure 20 microns in diameter; walls mainly composed of connective tissues
venules
range in diameter from 1 to 10 mm; include all the veins except portal vein, vena cavae, and main tributaries; have a thin media and thicker adventitia
small and medium sized veins
prevent retrograde movement of blood
valves
formed by inward projections of intima
valves
valve where two leaflets are shaped as semilunar cusps
bicuspid
slightly enlarged space between wall of vein and valve
sinus
smallest vessel in the body
capillary
ideal for diffusion of products across capillaries; primary place in body where nutrient exchange occurs
capillary
Blood enters the capillary from the arterial side via:
arterioles
Blood leaves the capillary on the venous side via:
venules
principle arteries supplying head and neck
right and left CCAs
right and left ICAs
ECA
vertebral arteries
arises from aortic arch
left CCA
originates from the brachiocephalic artery
right CCA
bifurcates into ICA and ECA in midcervical region at superior border of thyroid cartilage or at about level of 4th cervical vertebrae
CCA
supply brain and eyes
right and left ICAs
3 main segments of the ICA
cervical, petrous, intracranial
begins at carotid bifurcation and extends to base of the skull, usually lie posterior and lateral to ECAs, have no extracranial branches
cervical segment
courses vertically and horizontally through petrous temporal bone
petrous
terminates into 4 branchs:
anterior cerebral
middle cerebral
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
intracranial
medial and anterior to ICAs, 8 major branches; supplies blood flow to face and neck
ECA
anterior branches of ECA
superior thyroid, lingual, facial,p
posterior branches of ECA
occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal
terminal branches of ECA
internal maxillary, superficial temporal
first branch of ECA
superficial thyroid
arise off upper posterior aspect of subclavian arteries and ascend neck
vertebral arteries
Which vertebral artery is usually dominant?
left
unique arrangement of branches of ICAs and vertebral arteries; provides a vital collateral network to maintain cerebral perfusion in event of disease
circle of Willis
courses through neck and returns blood from portions of the cranial cavity, face, and neck; flows into subclavian vein
external jugular
collects blood from brain and superficial parts of face and neck; courses along anterolateral edge of ICA and CCA; unites with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic veins
internal jugular
formed from numerous small tributaries of internal vertebral venous plexuses; join with small veins from muscles of neck and form a dense plexus around vertebral artery
vertebral veinsem
empties into brachiocephalic vein
vertebral vein
main supplier of blood traveling through front and dorsal nasal arteries feeding into opthalmic artery
ECA
most important collateral pathway
Circle of Willis
first and largest branch of aortic arch
brachiocephalic artery
second branch of aortic arch
left CCA
last branch of aortic arch
left subclavian artery
give rise to branches that supply brain, neck, thoracic wall, and shoulder
subclavian arteries
usually slightly larger than radial artery
ulnar artery
major branches of ulnar artery
ulnar recurrent, interosseus, palmar and dorsal carpal branches, deep palmar and superficial palmar
passes along radial aspect of forearm to wrist and winds around lateral aspect of wrist to dorsum of wrist
radial artery
Branches of the radial artery
radial recurrent, muscular, palmar carpal, superficial palmar
collateral flow can enter distal subclavian artery via vertebral artery
brachiocephalic or subclavian artery occlusion
formed by the radial collateral artery and the radial recurrent artery reentering distal radial artery
lateral vascular arcade
formed by middle collarteral artery and the interosseus recurrent artery that reenter the anterior interosseus artery
posterior vascular arcade
radial part of venous network upper extremity drains into:
cephalic vein
ulnar part of venous network upper extremity drains into:
basilic vein
flow over palmar surface of wrist; help form medial antebrachial veins
palmar digital veins
superficial veins of the arm
cephalic
basilic
meial antebrachial vein
winds around radial border of forearm; continues along lateral border of biceps muscle; empties into axillary vein just below clavicle
cephalic vein
courses along ulnar aspect of forearm; continues proximally along medial border of biceps muscles; joins brachial vein to form the axillary vein
basilic
cephalic and basilic communicate with; courses forearm slightly toward ulnar side of arm; ends into either median cubital or basilic vein
medial antebrachial vein
begins at junction of brachial and basilic veins; becomes subclavian vein just past outer border of first rib at point of termination of cephalic vein; lies medial to axillary artery
axillary vein
formed at junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins at each side of base of neck
brachiocephalic veins
formed by junction of two brachiocephalic veins just behind right side of sternum
superior vena cava
continuation of aorta beyond aortic arch
descending thoracic aorta
branches of descending thoracic aorta
bronchial
esophageal
phrenic
intercostal
subcostal
begins at level or 12th thoracic vertebra as it passes through aortic hiatus of diaphragm
abdominal aorta
3 major branches off anterior aspect of abdominal aorta
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
first anterior branch off abdominal aorta
celiac artery
celiac artery gives rise to what branches?
hepatic
splenic
left gastic
second anterior branch off abdominal aorta
superior mesenteric artery
supplies most of small intestine and some of large intestine
superior mesenteric artery
last anterior branch of abdominal aorta
inferior mesenteric artery
supplies mainly the large intestine
inferior mesenteric artery
branch off lateral aspect of aorta 1=2 cm below SMA
renal arteries
The ____ renal artery is longer than the ____ renal artery.
right
left
arteries located below level of renal arteries
ovarian/testicular arteries
4 pairs; posterior off aorta
lumbar arteries
small posterior branch of aorta; arises just above bifurcation of iliac vessels
middle sacral artery
internal iliac arteries are also known as:
hypogastric arteries
supply pelvic organs
internal iliac arteries
The external iliac arteries before bifurcation at the inguinal ligament
common femoral arteries
carries fully oxygenated blood into the liver; typically supplies 30% of total blood flow into liver
hepatic artery
receives remaining 70% of blood flow; forms at confluence of splenic and superior mesenteric veins posterior to neck of pancreas and anterior to IVC
portal vein
drainage of the liver
hepatic veins (right, middle, left)
primary collateral pathway between CA and SMA
pancreaticoduodenal arcade
SMA and IMA linked via marginal artery of _____ and arc of _____.
Drummon
Riolan
continuation of external iliac artery below inguinal ligament
common femoral artery
divides into superficial femoral and profunda femoris
common femoral artery
also known as deep femoral artery
profunda femoris artery
continuation of superficial femoral artery
poplital artery
branches of poplital artery
sural
genicular
Terminal branches of popliteal artery
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
peroneal
passes through an opening in the interosseous membrane; proceeds distal in anterior compartment of leg; continues anterior to ankle joint and bcomes dorsalis pedis artery
anterior tibial artery
courses medially in posterior compartment of leg; continues posteriorly to medial malleolus; terminates into medial and lateral plantar arteries
posterior tibial artery
located deep within the leg; descends along medial aspect of fibula; terminates into branchs that communicate with posterior and anterior tibial arteries
peroneal artery
arteries of the foot
medial and lateral plantar
dorsalis pedis
joins into GSV just anterior to medial malleolus
dorsal venous arch of foot
longest vein in the body
GSV
ascends leg medially before terminates into CFV at saphenfemoral junction
GSV
begins as a continuation of the lateral segment of dorsal venous arch of foot; courses posteriorly up calf; terminates into popliteal vein at saphenopopliteal junction
small saphenous vein
communicates with GSV; found in 30% of people; known as vein of Giacomni
cranial extension of SSV
continues as medial and lateral plantar veins; unite to form tibial veins
deep plantar arch
joins posterior tibial veins to form tibio-peroneal trunk veins
peroneal veins
continuation of venae comitantes of dorsalis pedis artery; pass between tibia and fibula through upper part of interosseus membrane
anterior tibial veins
continuation of popliteal vein; accompanies superficial femoral artery to groin
femoral vein
courses along thigh along profunda femoriis artery; unite to form common femoral vein
profunda femoral
lies medial to common femoral artery
common femoral vein
continuation of CFV above inguinal ligament
external iliac veins
a small blood vessel with only endothelium and basement membrane through which exchange of nutrients and waste occurs
capillary
a small vein that is continuous with a capillary
venule
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
artery
a small artery with a muscular wall; a terminal artery, which continues into the capillary network
arteriole
A vessel, adjacent to or parallel to another vessel, that can enlarge to aid in carrying blood flow around a blockage
collateral
a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart
vein
At which level of the circulatory system does exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste, and nutrients occur?
capillaries
Which statement describes the exchange of nutriets and oxygen at the level of the capillaries?
a. carbon dioxide and waste reabsorption takes place in the venules
b. nutrient and oxygen exchange is simultaneous to carbon dioxide and waster exchange
c. Nutrients and oxygen exchange occurs at the venous side only
d. capillary permeability for nutrient and oxygen exchange is the same within all tissue beds
b
Which statement describes capillary permeability to large molecules?
a. it is the same in all tissues
b. it varies depending on the characteristics of the tissue bed
c. it only varies with tissue beds in the brain
d. It is selective only in the liver
b
Why can arterioles control resistance of the vascular bed?
They have concentric layers of smooth muscle cells
Which of the following is not an example of a large elastic artery?
a. the common carotid arteries
b. the superficial femoral arteries
c. the common iliac arteries
d. the aorta
b
What is the main difference between arteries and veins of similar size in regard to the composition of their walls?
veins have thinner walls overall with less muscle
Which of the following is NOT an example of a large vein?
a. the portal vein
b. the ivc
c. the svc
d. the brachial vein
d
Which statement regarding venous valves is FALSE?
a. They allow for bidirectional flow under normal conditions
b. They are more numberous in the veins of lower extremities
c. They are usually absent from veins in the thorax and abdomen
d. They have only two leaflets
a
Which structure forms venous valves?
projections of the intima layer
Which statement regarding the first branch of the internal carotid artery is TRUE?
a. The opthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the petrous level
b. The ophthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the cervical level
c. The ophthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the intracranial level
d. The internal carotid artery does not have branches
c
From where does the left common carotid artery typically arise?
the aortic arch
Which of the following branches of the external carotid artery is considered an anterior branch?
a. occipital artery
b. superficial temportal artery
c. ascending pharyngeal artery
d. lingual artery
d
Which intracranial vessel is formed by the junction of the two vertebral arteries?
basilar artery
Which statement regarding the venous drainage of the head and neck is FALSE?
a. drainage occurs in the posterior portion via vertebral veins
b. vertebral veins are formed by a dense venous plexus
c. The external jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins
d. The internal jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins
c
Which tissues do branches of the right or left subclavian arteries supply?
the brain, neck, thoracic wall, and shoulder
Which artery is NOT typically a branch of the ulnar arteries?
a. the radial artery
b. the interosseous artery
c. the recurrent ulnar artery
d. the superficial palmar arch
a
Which vessels create a lateral vascular arcade that form a potential collateral pathway for the radial artery?
radial collateral and radial recurrent arteries
Which two veins join to form the brachiocephalic veins?
internal jugular and subclavian veins
Which of the following is NOT a superficial vein of the upper extremities?
a. interosseus veins
b. basilic veins
c. cephalic veins
d. median antebrachial veins
a
What are the three branches of the celiac trunk or celiac artery?
splenic
left gastric
common hepatic
What is the landmark that indicates the change in name of the external iliac arteries to the common femoral arteries?
inguinal ligament
What is another name for the internal iliac arteries?
hypogastric arteries
Which vessel is formed by the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
portal vein
Which two vessels are typically linked via the marginal artery of Drummond and the arc of Riolan?
superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
What is the landmark that delineates the superficial femoral artery from the popliteal artery?
the adductor canal
Which of the following are the terminal brnaches of the popliteal artery?
a. the genicular and peroneal arteries
b. the genicular and sural arteries
c. the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries
d. the interosseus artery and tibioperoneal trunk
c
Where does the deep venous system of the lower extremities start?
the deep plantar arch
Typically, what happens as the popliteal vein ascends through the adductor canal?
the veins moves from medial to lateral of the artery
Which vessel is formed by the confluence of the profunda femoris and femoral veins?
common femoral vein
Which artery provides most collaterals that bypass superficial femoral or popliteal artery occlusions?
deep femoral artery
Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs mainly at the level of _____ in the circulatory system.
capillaries
The venous side of the capillaries is drained by ______.
venules
Arterioles are the main control of _____ of the circulatory system.
contraction
Arteries are classified not only according to size but also in the composition of their ____.
walls
The femoral arteries, brachial arteries, and the mesenteric arteries are examples of _____.
medium sized arteries
Lower extremity veins have _____ walls than upper extremity veins.
thicker
The thickest layer in large veins is the ______.
adventitia
The bulk of the wall composition in large veins is an adventitia that contains:
mostly collagen and some elastic tissue
The valves found in veins are called _____ because they have two semilunar leaflets/
bicuspid
The precavernous, cavernous, and supraclinoid levels correspond to segments of the _____ internal carotid artery.
intracranial
The first branch of the external carotid artery is the ______ artery.
superficial thyroid
The size of the vertebral arteries varies, but usually the ____ vertebral artery is dominant.
left
A unique arrangement of the intracranial branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries serving as an important collateral network is called _____.
circle of Willis
The first and largest branch of the aortic arch is the ______.
brachiocephalic (innominate) artery
A common variant of the ____ artery, which occurs in about 15 to 20% of the population, is the bifurcation occuring more proximally in the arm/
brachial
Typically, the ________ is considered the first and largest branch of the brachial artery./
deep brachial/profunda brachii
The upper extremity superficial vein coursing along the medial border of the biceps muscle is the _____
basilic vein
The axillary vein begins at the junction of the ____ and _____ veins.
brachial
basilic
The bronchial, esophageal, phrenic, intercostal, and subcostal arteries are branches of the _____.
descending aorta
The superior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta approximately ____ cm below the origin of the celiac artery.
1
Two branches of the anterior-lateral surface of the aorta just below the level of the renal arteries are the _____.
testicular/ovarian arteries
The right and left common iliac arteries bifurcate from the abdominal aorta, typically at the level of the _____.
fourth lumbar vertevra
At the level of the aortic bifurcation, the ____ common iliac vein passes beneath the ____ common iliac artery.
left
right
The three hepatic veins drain the liver and empty directly into the ____.
IVC
A primary collateral pathway between the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries is the _____.
pancreaticoduodenal arcade
Another name of the deep femoral artery is the _____ artery.
profunda femoris
The ______ artery passes through an opening in the interosseus membrane and proceeds distally in the anterior compartment of the lower leg.
anterior tibial
The continuation of the lateral segment of the dorsal venous arch is _____.
small saphenous vein
The small saphenous vein terminates into the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction in about ____% of individuals.
70
The veins that pass deep within the leg and ascend along the medial aspect of the fibula are the _____ arteries.
perforating
