chapter 5 and module 5 Flashcards
What are the reasons that humans are slow to develop
- evolutions made cortex bigger but upright walking made pelvis small = have to be born earlier to be able for mother to give birth
What is one way humans were able to offset development
experience-expectant plasticity
more development outside the womb.
What is experience-expectant plascity?
normal generalized development of neuron connections that all humans experience in a normal environment
What is the benefits of humans coming out underdeveloped
Humans can be shaped by input to work best environment they have
humans are very plastic
what offsets and optimizes development
- experience-expectant
- experience-dependent
Jimmy has growing pains. Why is this?
growth is discontinious, its plausible jimmy grew a few cms in a night and wont grow for anther week or so.
Why are growth charts important
helps document the norms for healthy babies and help practitioners see if a baby may have development issues.
James is severely underweight. What would the doctor describe him as?
failure to thrive
What are the underlying issues that can cause an infant to be listed as failing to thrive?
disease, heart problems, or infections
What is the difference between the CDC growth chart and the WHO growth chart
infants in the world average are smaller than infants in the US
But not smaller than children around the world.
what is the leading cause of death for infants?
Malnutrition
Sam’s mother was obese while she was pregnant with her. How should that effect Sam’s development.
wonky insulin levels
appetite
food preferences
How is premature babies and their relationship with nourishment troubling?
weak sucking reflex
don’t cry when hungry
rudimentary digestive system
Mary is concerned about breastfeeding. What are the benefits you can tell her about it?
Bonding time
helps with health (cancer, asthma, infections)
grasping reflex
baby palm touch will close fingers
babinsky reflex
stroke bottom of infants foot and big toe turn upward and other toes fan out
stepping reflex
place feet on solid surface legs will move back and forth as if baby was walking
startle reflex
loud sound infant throws head back and stretch out arm and legs
rooting reflex
Stroke cheek, infant will turn head and open mouth
sucking reflex
if touch roof of mouth, infant will begin to suck
tonic neck reflex
if infant arm turns to one side then infants arm will stretch out an opposite arm will bend
bow and arrow
what reflex is developed before birth
sucking
What is an explanation for the reason that reflexes exist?
Adaptive reasons helped babies survive in old ages
What reflexes most accurately show the adaptive belief
rooting
sucking
stepping grapsing
crawling
What could tonic reflex descend from?
primate
and hand-eye coordination
what does babinsky reflex stem from
living in trees
If the baby has reflexes missing, what is this a sign of?
What should you look out for if diagnosing,
developmental disorder
pseudo-science
Do reflexes stay with the infant up until 1 year.
No they disappear after a few months.
How do you describe the two systems theory in regard to the disappearing of reflexes
U shape curve
Reflexes rely on low-level brain systems
gets replaced by high-level systems
the middle is where the reflexes disappear
Marta says Jimmy used to do his stepping reflex, but it has disappeared now that he has gotten bigger. He still kicks on the mat when. He is lying down
Why might she be wrong about her assertion?
Reflexes like stepping may appear to have disappeared. Jimmy’s kicking is the stepping reflex, modified because he isn’t strong enough to move his legs when held up.
His weight is preventing it, but the laying down prevents the use of muscles
What is the relationship cause for the disappearance of the stepping reflex?
negative association between motor development and body size
How did Thelen test that disappearance of stepping was due to weight
heavy babies = put in water when in pool they stepped
lighter infants: put weights on stopped stepping
What is the dynamic system?
Behaviour shows up or goes away as a result of multiple independent systems that develop on their own time course
What does stepping depend on, according to dynamic theory?
reflexive response
ability to move limbs against gravity
motor control of legs
All these are independent but work together to create a behaviour
How does dynamic system theory explain the regression of ability
Regression happens when systems do not fit together (one system is more advanced than the other).
Regressions happens when systems also work together
