chapter 5 and module 5

Question 1

What are the reasons that humans are slow to develop

Answer 1

1. evolutions made cortex bigger but upright walking made pelvis small = have to be born earlier to be able for mother to give birth

Question 2

What is one way humans were able to offset development

Answer 2

experience-expectant plasticity
more development outside the womb.

Question 3

What is experience-expectant plascity?

Answer 3

normal generalized development of neuron connections that all humans experience in a normal environment

Question 4

What is the benefits of humans coming out underdeveloped

Answer 4

Humans can be shaped by input to work best environment they have

humans are very plastic

Question 5

what offsets and optimizes development

Answer 5

1. experience-expectant
2. experience-dependent

Question 6

Jimmy has growing pains. Why is this?

Answer 6

growth is discontinious, its plausible jimmy grew a few cms in a night and wont grow for anther week or so.

Question 7

Why are growth charts important

Answer 7

helps document the norms for healthy babies and help practitioners see if a baby may have development issues.

Question 8

James is severely underweight. What would the doctor describe him as?

Answer 8

failure to thrive

Question 9

What are the underlying issues that can cause an infant to be listed as failing to thrive?

Answer 9

disease, heart problems, or infections

Question 10

What is the difference between the CDC growth chart and the WHO growth chart

Answer 10

infants in the world average are smaller than infants in the US

But not smaller than children around the world.

Question 11

what is the leading cause of death for infants?

Answer 11

Malnutrition

Question 12

Sam’s mother was obese while she was pregnant with her. How should that effect Sam’s development.

Answer 12

wonky insulin levels
appetite
food preferences

Question 13

How is premature babies and their relationship with nourishment troubling?

Answer 13

weak sucking reflex
don’t cry when hungry
rudimentary digestive system

Question 14

Mary is concerned about breastfeeding. What are the benefits you can tell her about it?

Answer 14

Bonding time
helps with health (cancer, asthma, infections)

Question 15

grasping reflex

Answer 15

baby palm touch will close fingers

Question 16

babinsky reflex

Answer 16

stroke bottom of infants foot and big toe turn upward and other toes fan out

Question 17

stepping reflex

Answer 17

place feet on solid surface legs will move back and forth as if baby was walking

Question 18

startle reflex

Answer 18

loud sound infant throws head back and stretch out arm and legs

Question 19

rooting reflex

Answer 19

Stroke cheek, infant will turn head and open mouth

Question 20

sucking reflex

Answer 20

if touch roof of mouth, infant will begin to suck

Question 21

tonic neck reflex

Answer 21

if infant arm turns to one side then infants arm will stretch out an opposite arm will bend

bow and arrow

Question 22

what reflex is developed before birth

Answer 22

sucking

Question 23

What is an explanation for the reason that reflexes exist?

Answer 23

Adaptive reasons helped babies survive in old ages

Question 24

What reflexes most accurately show the adaptive belief

Answer 24

rooting
sucking
stepping grapsing
crawling

Question 25

What could tonic reflex descend from?

Answer 25

primate
and hand-eye coordination

Question 26

what does babinsky reflex stem from

Answer 26

living in trees

Question 27

If the baby has reflexes missing, what is this a sign of?

What should you look out for if diagnosing,

Answer 27

developmental disorder

pseudo-science

Question 28

Do reflexes stay with the infant up until 1 year.

Answer 28

No they disappear after a few months.

Question 29

How do you describe the two systems theory in regard to the disappearing of reflexes

Answer 29

U shape curve

Reflexes rely on low-level brain systems

gets replaced by high-level systems

the middle is where the reflexes disappear

Question 30

Marta says Jimmy used to do his stepping reflex, but it has disappeared now that he has gotten bigger. He still kicks on the mat when. He is lying down

Why might she be wrong about her assertion?

Answer 30

Reflexes like stepping may appear to have disappeared. Jimmy’s kicking is the stepping reflex, modified because he isn’t strong enough to move his legs when held up.

His weight is preventing it, but the laying down prevents the use of muscles

Question 31

What is the relationship cause for the disappearance of the stepping reflex?

Answer 31

negative association between motor development and body size

Question 32

How did Thelen test that disappearance of stepping was due to weight

Answer 32

heavy babies = put in water when in pool they stepped
lighter infants: put weights on stopped stepping

Question 33

What is the dynamic system?

Answer 33

Behaviour shows up or goes away as a result of multiple independent systems that develop on their own time course

Question 34

What does stepping depend on, according to dynamic theory?

Answer 34

reflexive response
ability to move limbs against gravity
motor control of legs

All these are independent but work together to create a behaviour

Question 35

How does dynamic system theory explain the regression of ability

Answer 35

Regression happens when systems do not fit together (one system is more advanced than the other).

Regressions happens when systems also work together