Chapter 2 (book)

Question 1

what is heredity

Answer 1

the transmission of genetic info across generations and how the info translates to physical features and behaviour

Question 2

what is a genotype

Answer 2

unique genetic make up of an individual

Question 3

what is a phenotype

Answer 3

observable characteristics or traits

Question 4

what do phenotypes express?

Answer 4

combination of genes and enviroment

Question 5

what are autosomes

Answer 5

the 22 chromo pairs, not sex chromo

Question 6

what are alleles

Answer 6

different versions of genes that code for different proteins

Question 7

what is a homozygous child

Answer 7

THE SAME ALLELE. A child that expresses the phenotype associated with the allele (DOM or REC)

Question 8

what is a heterozygous child?

Answer 8

2 different alleles

Question 9

Sam has brown eyes what are the possible reasons for this

Answer 9

either homo (BrBR) or hetero (BrBl),
if hetero it is called autosomal dominant

Question 10

List all the inheritance patterns and explain what they are.

Answer 10

Autosomal dominant: 1 allele seen in phenotype. The other is recessive.
Autosomal recessive: 2 recessive alleles needed for this phenotype
Codominance: 2 dominant alleles are expressed (blood type)
Incomplete Dominance: a blend of 2 alleles

Question 11

what is a popular way for behavioural geneticist to study behavioral gentics

Answer 11

twin studies

Question 12

what is the behavioural geneticist theory when looking into twins

Answer 12

monozygotic twins share 100% of genes and thus will be more similar despite the environment.

Question 13

What do adoption studies tell us?

Answer 13

if adopted child is closer to bio parents than adopted = genes
adopted child closer to adopted parents = environment

Question 14

What is a stronger variant to the adoption studies

Answer 14

adoption study with Monozygotic twins

Question 15

what is an early aspect of genetic that twin studies showed

Answer 15

social engagement

Question 16

Coiffi did a study on inhibitory control with adopted children and their biological parents. What was the result of this study?

Answer 16

Infants who had bio parents who were low control were also at risk at low control however with warm adopted parents had better control. This trait is influenced by both genes and environment.

Question 17

What is heritability

Answer 17

statistical measure that estimates the proportion of the differences int the expression of a trait in a population that is due to genes.

Question 18

what is the heritability ratio

Answer 18

0 to 1
0=envionment
1=genes

Question 19

Scientist found out that the trait for being funny has a heritability of 0.7 what does this mean

Answer 19

this is due to genes

Question 20

john and his family live in a fairly stable and uniform environment what will the heritability be and why?

Answer 20

heritability will be higher up
the more similar and environment the more variation is contributed to genes

Question 21

what trait is the most heritable

Answer 21

height

Question 22

Jane’s parents love to read, and she seems to get the reading gene from her parents too, her parents also have books all over the house with makes Jane read even more. what gene-environment correlation is this.

Answer 22

Passive

Question 23

Ben is an angry child, and in turn, a lot of their peers respond angrily to him. what gene-environment correlation is this.

Answer 23

Evocative

Question 24

Jen loves sports so she decided to join the soccer team. What gene-environment correlation is this.

Answer 24

Active

Question 25

How to describe Gene-environment interaction

Answer 25

genes make ppl especially vulnerable to specific environment influences

Question 26

Ben finds himself extremely stressed out when things go wrong and can’t seem to recover
Becca finds herself slightly stressed in the same situations but it doesn’t set her back too much
With Gene-enviro interaction in mind what would you list these children as?

Answer 26

Ben= orchard
Becca= dandelion

Question 27

please sumarize the findings of the study on 5-HTTLPR (Kochanska)

Answer 27

measuring maternal responsiveness
children with long alelles were dandelions= development minimally effected by maternal response.
short allele = when maternal response was high orchid children did better than dandelions

Question 28

What are epigentics?

Answer 28

Change in how the genes are expressed without changing the DNA

Question 29

what is the most studied process of epigenitcs and what does this process do?

Answer 29

methylation
it adds a methyl group to the DNA, which changes how the cell reads DNA instructions.

Question 30

What was a pivotal study for epigenetics
and what were the results?

Answer 30

Study on dutch women who starved while pregnant
children of those mothers more likely to be obese
methyl group was added to fetuses genes