Chapter 2 (book) Flashcards by Tyneisha Power

what is heredity

the transmission of genetic info across generations and how the info translates to physical features and behaviour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a genotype

unique genetic make up of an individual

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a phenotype

observable characteristics or traits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do phenotypes express?

combination of genes and enviroment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are autosomes

the 22 chromo pairs, not sex chromo

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are alleles

different versions of genes that code for different proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a homozygous child

THE SAME ALLELE. A child that expresses the phenotype associated with the allele (DOM or REC)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a heterozygous child?

2 different alleles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sam has brown eyes what are the possible reasons for this

either homo (BrBR) or hetero (BrBl),
if hetero it is called autosomal dominant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List all the inheritance patterns and explain what they are.

Autosomal dominant: 1 allele seen in phenotype. The other is recessive.
Autosomal recessive: 2 recessive alleles needed for this phenotype
Codominance: 2 dominant alleles are expressed (blood type)
Incomplete Dominance: a blend of 2 alleles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a popular way for behavioural geneticist to study behavioral gentics

twin studies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the behavioural geneticist theory when looking into twins

monozygotic twins share 100% of genes and thus will be more similar despite the environment.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do adoption studies tell us?

if adopted child is closer to bio parents than adopted = genes
adopted child closer to adopted parents = environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a stronger variant to the adoption studies

adoption study with Monozygotic twins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an early aspect of genetic that twin studies showed

social engagement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Coiffi did a study on inhibitory control with adopted children and their biological parents. What was the result of this study?

Infants who had bio parents who were low control were also at risk at low control however with warm adopted parents had better control. This trait is influenced by both genes and environment.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is heritability

statistical measure that estimates the proportion of the differences int the expression of a trait in a population that is due to genes.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the heritability ratio

0 to 1
0=envionment
1=genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Scientist found out that the trait for being funny has a heritability of 0.7 what does this mean

this is due to genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

john and his family live in a fairly stable and uniform environment what will the heritability be and why?

heritability will be higher up
the more similar and environment the more variation is contributed to genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what trait is the most heritable

height

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Jane’s parents love to read, and she seems to get the reading gene from her parents too, her parents also have books all over the house with makes Jane read even more. what gene-environment correlation is this.

Passive

Ben is an angry child, and in turn, a lot of their peers respond angrily to him. what gene-environment correlation is this.

Evocative

Jen loves sports so she decided to join the soccer team. What gene-environment correlation is this.

Active

How to describe Gene-environment interaction

genes make ppl especially vulnerable to specific environment influences

Ben finds himself extremely stressed out when things go wrong and can't seem to recover Becca finds herself slightly stressed in the same situations but it doesn't set her back too much With Gene-enviro interaction in mind what would you list these children as?

Ben= orchard Becca= dandelion

please sumarize the findings of the study on 5-HTTLPR (Kochanska)

measuring maternal responsiveness children with long alelles were dandelions= development minimally effected by maternal response. short allele = when maternal response was high orchid children did better than dandelions

What are epigentics?

Change in how the genes are expressed without changing the DNA

what is the most studied process of epigenitcs and what does this process do?

methylation it adds a methyl group to the DNA, which changes how the cell reads DNA instructions.

What was a pivotal study for epigenetics and what were the results?

Study on dutch women who starved while pregnant children of those mothers more likely to be obese methyl group was added to fetuses genes

James and Samantha are born. Which one is more likely to get huntington's disease?

James

What allele configuration is Hunter most likely to get with his XY make up?

autosomal recessive

what are the reasons for genetic diversity?

1. random assignment 2. crossing over

Sam and Jill are both white yet Sam is darker when the sun is out? What logic would you use to describe this?

Same geno but different pheno

If Kate and Bill both have Brown eyes does this mean they have the same genotype?

No, they express the same phenotype but different genotype

Difference between gene-environment interactions and gene-environment correlations

Interactions: genes play a direct part in the child's sensitivity to the environment Correlations: environment makes kids turn to be closer to genes

When children have high MAOA, they are less aggressive. When they have low MAOA, they are susceptible to what environment? What is this an example of?

mistreatment environment example of gene-environment interaction

kids with short 5-HTTLPR have a pattern of gene-environment

orchid kids genes make them high vulnerable to maternal responsiveness so pattern is if low maternal responsiveness = low social competence and moral internalization BUT High maternal responsive they excell past dandelions have exceptional social comp. and moral internal.

What is the most common epigentic

methylation

two reasons why genetic influence on development outcomes increases over time?

1. new genetics affect as we get older, and new genes come active (puberty) 2. as we get agency we seek out environments that align with with genes

What makes it hard to look at Mono twins in the same household

shared they are treated even more similarly

What are the two environmental influences in twin studies

shared and non-shared

Who has less similarities fraternal twins living together or not living together

not living together bc no environmental influences since genes 50% they will be going more towards their genes

what two processes are lateralized to which side of the brain?

left= language right = faces

Name all the parts of a neuron and their functions.

Cell body: biomaterial that keeps the cell functioning. Dendrites: receive input and conduct it to the cell body Axon: passes electrical signals to connections with other neurons

What is the connection between neurons called?

synapses

Axons develop fatty sheaths around them

myelination

why is cell death and synaptic pruning good

keeps our brain working optimally. gets rid of needed connections

connections between neurons forming

synaptogenesis

Makes use similiar. It is vulnerable to insufficient input. The visual system needs to go through this.

experience expectant plasticity

It is all about individual experiences.

experience-dependent plasticity

How does Exp-Dependant correlate to the rat study

Rats in complex environments had more complex brains. this experience was dependant on the environment and gave them a better brain, Other rates still developed normally but less complex brain structures

Why is it pivotal to have early interventions for lower SES children

experience-dependant leads to lower brain levels compared to higher SES It also epigenetic effects on these children

what are the first synapses that begin to prune away

ones that grew from birth and a little bit after birth