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Infant psych > Chapter 2 (book) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (book) Flashcards

1
Q

what is heredity

A

the transmission of genetic info across generations and how the info translates to physical features and behaviour

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2
Q

what is a genotype

A

unique genetic make up of an individual

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3
Q

what is a phenotype

A

observable characteristics or traits

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4
Q

what do phenotypes express?

A

combination of genes and enviroment

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5
Q

what are autosomes

A

the 22 chromo pairs, not sex chromo

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6
Q

what are alleles

A

different versions of genes that code for different proteins

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7
Q

what is a homozygous child

A

THE SAME ALLELE. A child that expresses the phenotype associated with the allele (DOM or REC)

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8
Q

what is a heterozygous child?

A

2 different alleles

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9
Q

Sam has brown eyes what are the possible reasons for this

A

either homo (BrBR) or hetero (BrBl),
if hetero it is called autosomal dominant

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10
Q

List all the inheritance patterns and explain what they are.

A

Autosomal dominant: 1 allele seen in phenotype. The other is recessive.
Autosomal recessive: 2 recessive alleles needed for this phenotype
Codominance: 2 dominant alleles are expressed (blood type)
Incomplete Dominance: a blend of 2 alleles

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11
Q

what is a popular way for behavioural geneticist to study behavioral gentics

A

twin studies

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12
Q

what is the behavioural geneticist theory when looking into twins

A

monozygotic twins share 100% of genes and thus will be more similar despite the environment.

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13
Q

What do adoption studies tell us?

A

if adopted child is closer to bio parents than adopted = genes
adopted child closer to adopted parents = environment

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14
Q

What is a stronger variant to the adoption studies

A

adoption study with Monozygotic twins

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15
Q

what is an early aspect of genetic that twin studies showed

A

social engagement

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16
Q

Coiffi did a study on inhibitory control with adopted children and their biological parents. What was the result of this study?

A

Infants who had bio parents who were low control were also at risk at low control however with warm adopted parents had better control. This trait is influenced by both genes and environment.

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17
Q

What is heritability

A

statistical measure that estimates the proportion of the differences int the expression of a trait in a population that is due to genes.

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18
Q

what is the heritability ratio

A

0 to 1
0=envionment
1=genes

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19
Q

Scientist found out that the trait for being funny has a heritability of 0.7 what does this mean

A

this is due to genes

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20
Q

john and his family live in a fairly stable and uniform environment what will the heritability be and why?

A

heritability will be higher up
the more similar and environment the more variation is contributed to genes

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21
Q

what trait is the most heritable

A

height

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22
Q

Jane’s parents love to read, and she seems to get the reading gene from her parents too, her parents also have books all over the house with makes Jane read even more. what gene-environment correlation is this.

A

Passive

23
Q

Ben is an angry child, and in turn, a lot of their peers respond angrily to him. what gene-environment correlation is this.

A

Evocative

24
Q

Jen loves sports so she decided to join the soccer team. What gene-environment correlation is this.

A

Active

25
Q

How to describe Gene-environment interaction

A

genes make ppl especially vulnerable to specific environment influences

26
Q

Ben finds himself extremely stressed out when things go wrong and can’t seem to recover
Becca finds herself slightly stressed in the same situations but it doesn’t set her back too much
With Gene-enviro interaction in mind what would you list these children as?

A

Ben= orchard
Becca= dandelion

27
Q

please sumarize the findings of the study on 5-HTTLPR (Kochanska)

A

measuring maternal responsiveness
children with long alelles were dandelions= development minimally effected by maternal response.
short allele = when maternal response was high orchid children did better than dandelions

28
Q

What are epigentics?

A

Change in how the genes are expressed without changing the DNA

29
Q

what is the most studied process of epigenitcs and what does this process do?

A

methylation
it adds a methyl group to the DNA, which changes how the cell reads DNA instructions.

30
Q

What was a pivotal study for epigenetics
and what were the results?

A

Study on dutch women who starved while pregnant
children of those mothers more likely to be obese
methyl group was added to fetuses genes

31
Q

James and Samantha are born. Which one is more likely to get huntington’s disease?

A

James

32
Q

What allele configuration is Hunter most likely to get with his XY make up?

A

autosomal recessive

33
Q

what are the reasons for genetic diversity?

A
  1. random assignment
  2. crossing over
34
Q

Sam and Jill are both white yet Sam is darker when the sun is out?

What logic would you use to describe this?

A

Same geno but different pheno

35
Q

If Kate and Bill both have Brown eyes does this mean they have the same genotype?

A

No, they express the same phenotype but different genotype

36
Q

Difference between gene-environment interactions and gene-environment correlations

A

Interactions: genes play a direct part in the child’s sensitivity to the environment

Correlations: environment makes kids turn to be closer to genes

37
Q

When children have high MAOA, they are less aggressive. When they have low MAOA, they are susceptible to what environment?

What is this an example of?

A

mistreatment environment

example of gene-environment interaction

38
Q

kids with short 5-HTTLPR have a pattern of gene-environment

A

orchid kids genes make them high vulnerable to maternal responsiveness

so pattern is if low maternal responsiveness = low social competence and moral internalization

BUT

High maternal responsive they excell past dandelions have exceptional social comp. and moral internal.

39
Q

What is the most common epigentic

A

methylation

40
Q

two reasons why genetic influence on development outcomes increases over time?

A
  1. new genetics affect as we get older, and new genes come active (puberty)
  2. as we get agency we seek out environments that align with with genes
41
Q

What makes it hard to look at Mono twins in the same household

A

shared
they are treated even more similarly

42
Q

What are the two environmental influences in twin studies

A

shared and non-shared

43
Q

Who has less similarities fraternal twins living together or not living together

A

not living together bc no environmental influences

since genes 50% they will be going more towards their genes

44
Q

what two processes are lateralized to which side of the brain?

A

left= language
right = faces

45
Q

Name all the parts of a neuron and their functions.

A

Cell body: biomaterial that keeps the cell functioning.

Dendrites: receive input and conduct it to the cell body

Axon: passes electrical signals to connections with other neurons

46
Q

What is the connection between neurons called?

A

synapses

47
Q

Axons develop fatty sheaths around them

A

myelination

48
Q

why is cell death and synaptic pruning good

A

keeps our brain working optimally. gets rid of needed connections

49
Q

connections between neurons forming

A

synaptogenesis

50
Q

Makes use similiar. It is vulnerable to insufficient input.

The visual system needs to go through this.

A

experience expectant plasticity

51
Q

It is all about individual experiences.

A

experience-dependent plasticity

52
Q

How does Exp-Dependant correlate to the rat study

A

Rats in complex environments had more complex brains. this experience was dependant on the environment and gave them a better brain, Other rates still developed normally but less complex brain structures

53
Q

Why is it pivotal to have early interventions for lower SES children

A

experience-dependant leads to lower brain levels compared to higher SES

It also epigenetic effects on these children

54
Q

what are the first synapses that begin to prune away

A

ones that grew from birth and a little bit after birth

Infant psych (8 decks)

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