Chapter 5 Flashcards
Human Movement Science
the study of how internal and external forces affect a living body (ESPECIALLY the skeletal system)
biomechanics
a position ABOVE a point of reference
superior
a position BELOW a point of reference
inferior
a position near the CENTER of your body or a point of reference
proximal
What is an example of a proximal joint position?
your knee joint is more proximal to your hip joint than your ankle joint is.
a position that is FARTHER away from the center of your body or point of reference
distal
What is an example of a distal body position?
your ankle is more distal to your hips than your knees are.
refers to the front of your body facing forward
anterior / ventral
refers to the back of your body
posterior / distal
refers to things close to the midline of the body
medial
Give an example of a medial body part…
adductors
positioned on the outside of the body
lateral
Give an example of a lateral body part…
abductors
these are body parts located on the same side of your body
ipsilateral
Give an example of two ipsilateral body parts…
your left foot is ipsilateral to your left hand
Describe the anatomic position…
body is erect, arms at your side with palms facing forward.
this plane splits the body into RIGHT and LEFT halves.
sagittal
What are movements in the sagittal plane?
Extension and flexion
this is a vertical plane breaking up the body into frontal and posterior planes; right angles.
frontal
What are movements in the frontal plane?
abduction and adduction
the plane that divides the body into a lower and upper section
transverse
What are movements in the transverse plane?
internal and external rotation
bending movement where a relative angle between two adjacent sections decreases.
flexion
movement in which the relative angel between adjacent section increase.
extension
extension beyond normal limits of the body
hyperextension
the act that typically moves a limb AWAY from the midline of the body.
abduction
the act that typically moves a limb TOWARDS the midline of the body.
adduction
when a limb rotates in the transverse plane going towards the midline of the body
internal rotation
when a limb rotates in the transverse plane going away from the midline of the body
external rotation
What’s an example of horizontal adduction?
a chest fly
What’s an example of horizontal abduction?
a rear deltoid fly
the act of moving the shoulder blades away from the midline
scapular motion
the act of moving the shoulder blades in the direction of the midline
scapular retraction
the act of elevating the shoulder blades towards the superior
scapular elevation
the active lowering of the shoulder blades towards the inferior
scapular depression
contraction is accompanied by the shortening of the muscle tissue
concentric (muscle action)
contraction accompanies by the lengthening of the muscle tissue
eccentric (muscle action)
when no change in the length of the muscle happens
isometric (muscle action)
when the contraction speed of a muscle is constant
isokinetic (muscle action)
any movement that results in the speeding up or slowing down of an object
force
the perfect length of a muscle that will result in the most force produced; the ability of a muscle to produce force at its current range.
length-tension relationship
the movement of a system or force that typically leads to a rotation; something that tends to produce rotation or torsion.
torque
the rotational movements from the joints
rotary motion
What is sensorimotor integration?
how the muscular and nervous systems cooperate in order to gather and interpret information to execute a movement.
the cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all various mechanoreceptors that sense limb movement and body position.
proprioception
What does proprioception training target and improve?
coordination, posture, and balance
muscle controlled by the CNS to produce the same movements
synergistic muscles / muscle synergy
the maturation of muscle coordination
motor development
the process of improving one’s motor skills with practice; results in lasting changes / one’s overall capability of responding
motor learning
the process where people use cognition in order to coordinate the muscles and limbs of the body
motor control
the overall study of motor development, learning, and control; one’s response to external and internal stimuli from the environment.
motor behavior
information one gathers about their performance from external sources (visual, verbal, or written)
external feedback
how one personally feels after they have practiced or performed a certain skill.
internal feedback
biological system where the response of the output affects the initial input; sensory system gathers input from motor system in order to adapt/learn new motor skills.
feedback system
the frontal plane splits the body into…
posterior and anterior sections
the axis of rotation in the frontal plane is…
anterior and posterior axis
the joint motions of the frontal plane are…
abduction and adduction; ankle inversion and eversion; lateral flexion
What are some exercise examples done in the frontal plane?
pull-ups; BB shoulder press; hip abduction/adduction with cable.
the transverse plane splits the body into…
upper and lower (inferior and superior) sections.
the axis of rotation in the transverse plane is…
longitudinal / vertical
the joint motions in the transverse plane are…
pronation, supination; internal / external rotation; horizontal abduction / adduction.
What are some exercise examples done in the transverse plane?
trunk rotation (think wall ball slams); internal rotation; wood chops; cable chest fly (horizontal adduction); rear felt fly (horizontal abduction).
the sagittal plane splits the body into…
right and left halves
the axis of rotation in the sagittal plane is…
coronal (the medial-lateral axis)
the joint motion of the sagittal plane is..
extension and flexion
What are some exercise examples done in the sagittal plane?
hamstring curls (flexion); BB bicep curls (flex); quadricep extensions (ext); skull crushers (tricep ext).
What are some examples of common force couples?
Hip/Knee extension during walking/running/climbing; gluteus max, quads, and calves.
Elbow Flexion/Bicep Curls; shortening of the brachioradialus, brachial, and biceps brachii.
Describe a Type I Lever…
the fulcrum sits directly between the energy moving the weight, and the weight itself.
What are some examples of a Type I Lever?
scissors, seesaws, crowbars, a hammer extracting a nail…
Describe a Type II Lever…
the fulcrum is at one end, the weight is in the middle, and the force is being applied on the opposite end.
What are some examples of a Type II Lever?
wheelbarrows, can openers, staplers.
Describe a Type III Lever…
the fulcrum is on one end, the weight is on the other, and the force(s) being applied are in the middle.
***Note that with this type, more force needs to be applied, but in return the weight gets moved a much large distance.
What are some examples of a Type III Lever?
fishing rod, broom, baseball bat.
