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Intro Biology I Lecture > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A method of acquiring fetal cells for karyotyping that involves extracting fluid from the amniotic sac.

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2
Q

Anaphase

A

The stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart.

This is the stage of mitosis when karyokinesis occurs.

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3
Q

Oogenesis

A

production of an egg or ovum

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4
Q

Polyploidy

A

is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes in an organism.

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5
Q

Prophase

A

mitotic phase during which chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear.

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6
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene

A

Gene coding for a protein that ordinarily suppresses cell division; inactivity can lead to a tumor

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7
Q

Trisomy 21

A

One more chromosome than usual

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8
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter cells physically separate

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9
Q

Telomeres

A

the end of a chromosome; shortens with every round of replication and it helps determine the number of times a cell can divide

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10
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1of meiosis

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11
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

Microtubule strcture that brings about chromosomal movement during nuclear division

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12
Q

Spermatogonium

A

primitive male reproductive cells

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13
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm in males by the process of meiosis and matration

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14
Q

Seminiferous Tubule

A

highly coiled duct within the male testes that produces and transport sperm

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15
Q

Telophase 1

A

The first stage of meiosis that follows anaphase 1

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16
Q

Polar bodies

A

nonfunctioning daughter cell, formed during oogenesis, that has little cytoplasm.

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17
Q

Oocyte

A

the female gamete, or egg, prior to fertilization.

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18
Q

P-53 gene

A

A gene that is thought to play a role in regulating cell death or apoptosis, in suppressing tumors, in regulating the cell cycle, and in stopping the cell from dividing when the DNA is damaged.

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19
Q

Oogonium

A

one of the undifferentiated germ cells giving rise to oocytes.

20
Q

Prophase 1

A

At the start of prophase I, the chromosomes have already duplicated. During prophase I, they coil and become shorter and thicker and visible under the light microscope.

21
Q

Reduction Division

A

during meiosis, reduction dividion produces four haploid cells from a single diploid cell.

22
Q

S-Phase

A

doubling of its genome (DNA) in S-phase (synthesis phase) of the cell cycle.

23
Q
A
24
Q

APOPTOSIS

A

PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH INVOLVING A CASCADE OF SPECIFIC CELLUELAR EVENTS LEADING TO DEATH AND DESTRUCTION OF THE CELL

25
Q

CYTOKINESIS

A

THE DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM DURING MITOSIS IN TELOPHASE

26
Q

4 STAGES OF MITOSIS

A

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

27
Q

CHROMATIN

A

NETWORK OF FIBRILS CONSISTING OF DNA AND ASSOCIATED PROTEINS WITHIN A NUCLEUS

28
Q

CLEAVAGE FURROW

A

INDENTATION THAT BEGINS THE PROCESS OF CLEAVAGE, BY WHICH ANIMAL CELLS UNDERGO CYTOKINESIS

PAGE 88

29
Q

CROSSING OVER

A

EXCHANGE OF CORRESPONDING SEGMENTS OF GENETIC MATERIAL BETWEEN NONSISTER CHROMATIDS OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES DURING SYNAPSIS OF MEIOSIS

PAGE 90

30
Q

DIPLOID

A

2 PAIR OF EACH KIND OF CHROMOSOME

31
Q

HAPLOID

A

CONTAINS ONLY ONE OF EACH KIND OF CHROMOSOME

32
Q

NONDISJUNCTION

A

FAILURE OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES OR DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES TO SEPATATE DURING MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II, RESPECTIVELY

PAGE 492

33
Q

TRISOMY 21

A

ONE MORE CHROMOSOME THAN USUAL IN THE 21ST CHROMOSOME

34
Q

TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE

A

GENE CODING FOR PROTEIN THAT ORDINARILY SUPPRESSES CELL DIVISION; INACTIVITY CAN LEAD TO A TUMOR

PAGE 84

35
Q

TELOMERE

A

THE END OF A CHROMOSOME; SHORTENS WITH EVERY ROUND OF REPLICATION AND THEREFORE HELPS DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF TIMES A CELL CAN DIVIDE

36
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells recieve the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations.

37
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes or daughter chromosomes to separate during meiosis 1 and meiosis 2, respectively.

38
Q

Metaphase

A

Mitotic phase during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. Condensed chromosomes attach to the centre of the spindle

39
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of cell division in which daughter cells recieve the exact chromosomal and genetic makeup of the parental cell; occurrs durring growth and repair.

40
Q

Metastasis

A

The ability of malignant tumor cells to invade surrounding tissue and spread throughout the body.

41
Q

Oncogene

A

Cancer-causing gene. In its normal state, involved in regulation of the growth of cells; when mutated, allows cells to grow out of control.

42
Q

Meiosis 1

A

The homologous chromosomes come together and line up side by side. This is also called synapsis

43
Q

Meiosis 2

A

The centromeres divide and the sister chromatids sparate, becoming daughter chromosomes that are distributed to daughter nuclei.

44
Q

Metaphase 1

A

The pairs of homologous chromosomes, now as tightly coiled and condensed as they will be in meiosis, become arranged on a plane equidistant from the poles called the metaphase plate.

Spindle fibers from one pole of the cell attach to one chromosome of each pair (seen as sister chromatids), and spindle fibers from the opposite pole attach to the homologous chromosome (again, seen as sister chromatids).

45
Q

Malignant Cancer

A

Malignant cancer is any form of cancer or growth that can spread to other parts of the body in a process called metastasis.

46
Q

Cell Plate

A

During Cytokinesis in plants, this strucure froms and divids

Intro Biology I Lecture (20 decks)

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