Chapter 1 Flashcards
Atom
Smallest particle of an element that displays the elemental properties. The beginning of organization. Combined to make molecules.
Bacteria
One of the three domains of life; prokaryotic cells that differ from Archaea. Eg. Bacteria living in normal conditions.
Basic Research
Study and research on pure science that is meant to increase our scientific knowledge base. This type of research is often purely theoretical with the intent of increasing our understanding of certain phenomena or behavior; however this does not seek to solve or treat these problems.
Biosphere
The portion of the Earth’s surface where living organisms exist. (Earth’s surface refering to land, water, and air.)
Catabolism
Metabolic process that breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. Eg. breaking food down for energy.
Adaptation
The feature of an organism, in terms of its structure, function, or behavior, that is suitable to the enviroment and increases that organism’s reproductive success.
Anabolism
The metabolic process in which larger molecules are synthesized from smaller ones. (Referred to as the building up of molecules.)
Animalia
multicellular animals, they are the fourth Kingdom in the Eukarya Domain,they do not photosynthesize, they ingest their foods (Examples:birds, reptiles, fish, mammals, worms, animals,)
Archaea
One of 3 domains, a group of prokaryotic organisms similar to bacteria but live in extreme habitats, they often have unique genetic, biochemical, and physcological characteristics.
Applied Research
systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science
Variable
All the factors that may influence the outcome of an experiment.
An experiment should only test one variable at a time.
If more than one variable is involved, you will not know which one is causing the effect.
All the variables must be the same in the experimental groups except for the one being tested.
Tissues
In the hierarchy of organization tissues occur between cells and organs.
The organization of cells results in the formation of tissues.
The organization of tissues results in formation of organs.
Species
The smallest level of classification in the Linnean system.
Species comes after genus in the Linnean system.
Genus followed by species is the scientific name for living organisms.
In the scientific name for humans, Homo sapiens, the sapiens part is the species.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
“All chemical reactions are inefficient and result in a loss of usable energy as heat”
We used this law to describe why living organisms require a constant input of energy.
Without a constant input of energy cells would become disordered and die.
Reproduction
The production of new and genetically unique individuals.
It is important for the survival of animal species because it …
produces new individuals.
generates genetic diversity.
usually passes the best fit genetic information.
Protista
The kingdom of the domain Eukarya that consists of single celled animals.
Population
A group of organisms belonging to the same species in a specific location at a specific time.
An ecosystem like a forest contains populations of many different animals, plants, and other living organisms.
In the hierarchy of organization, population is between individual and community.
Members of the same species make up a population and many populations make up a community.
Plante
The kingdom of the domain Eukarya that consists of multicellular photosynthetic organisms with cellulose cell walls.
Phylum
The third largest level of classification in the Linnean system.
Phylum comes after Kingdom and before Class in the Linnean system.
Organs
In the hierarchy of organization, organs occur between tissues and organ systems.
The organization of tissues results in the formation of organs.
The organization of organs results in formation of organ systems.
Organisms
In the hierarchy of organization, organisms occur between organ systems and populations.
The organization of organ systems results in the formation of individuals.
The organization of individuals results in formation of populations.
Organ Systems
In the hierarchy of organization organ systems occur between organs and organism or indivduals.
The organization of organs results in the formation of organ systems.
The organization of organs systems results in formation of organisms or individuals.
Order
Order comes after Class and before Family in the Linnean system.
Natural Selection
Natural selection is related to adapation and the ability of living organisms to react to stimuli from the environment.
Organism that are better adapted to their environment produce more offspring resulting in a change in the population.
Molecules
In the hierarchy of organization, molecules occur between atoms and cells.
The organization of atoms results in the formation of molecules.
The organization of molecules results in formation of cells.
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living organism.
An essential characteristic of life because metabolsim provides energy to maintain the organization of cells.
May be divided into catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Kingdom
The second largest level of classification in the Linnean system.
Kingdom comes after Domain and before Phylum in the Linnean system.
What is the order of classifications in the Linnean system?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Irritability
An immediate response to a stimulus.
An aspect of the essential characteristic of life, response to stimuli.
An immediate response to stimuli is essential to maintaining homeostasis.
Sweating and shivering are examples of an irritability response to a change in temperature.
Hypothesis
The second step of the scientific method.
A question or prediction stated in an “If …, then …” format.
Homeostaisis
The maintenance of internal consistancy.
Organisms must maintain constant internal conditions to provide a suitable environment for enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions.
Failure to maintain homeostasis may result in the inactivation of enzymes and the cessation of metabolism.
Growth
An increase in the size or number of cells.
A characteristic of life associated with reproduction and development.
Genus
The second smallest level of classification in the Linnean system.
Genus comes after family in the Linnean system.
Genus is followed by species is the scientific name for living organisms.
In the scientific name for humans, Homo sapiens, the Homo part is the genus.
Fungi
The kingdom of the domain Eukarya that consists of multicellular or single-celled organisms that absorb their nutrients.
Family
Family comes after Order and before Genus in the Linnean system.
Evolution
Evolution can result from natural selection as organisms adapt to their environment.
Evolution is basically a change in the appearance of an organism that occurs over time.
Eukarya
Eukarya is the domain of living organisms that contains all organism that have nuclei in their cells.
The four kingdoms of Eukarya discussed in class were Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.
Enzymes
Fragile proteins essential for metabolic reations to occur.
Enzymes …
speed up metabolic reactions.
are not used up in the reaction.
are easily broken by heat, acid, or base.
Enzymes are the link between homeostais and metabolism.
Entropy
Disorder or chaos.
All chemical reactions are inefficient and result in the release of heat which increases entropy.
Because all things tend to become disordered, a constant input of energy is required to maintain organization.
Emergent Properties
Chracteristics that develop as smaller parts are organized to build larger structures.
We begin with organizing atoms to make molecules and end up with ecosystems combined and organized to make the biosphere.
Associated with the organization characteristic of life.
Ecosystems
Ecosystems consist of all the communities of living organisms in a give area and the nonliving physical environment.
In the hierarchy of organization ecosystems occur between communities and the biosphere.
Domain
The largest level of classification in the Linnean system.
The three domains of living organisms are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Development
The changes that occur in a living organism as they grow.
Associated with the characteristics of life, Reproduction and Growth.
Control Group
The background of comparison group used in an experiment that does not receive or experience the variable being tested.
In determining the affects of a drug in treating a disease, the control group would not receive the drug.
Community
A combination of all the populations in a given area at a specific time.
Unlike an ecosystem, the community is all the living organisms and does not include the nonliving factors of the environment.
In the hierarchy of organization, community is between population and ecosystem.
Class
Class comes after Phylum and before Order in the Linnean system.
Cells
In the hierarchy of organization, cells occur between moleculess and tissues.
The organization of molecules results in the cells of molecules.
The organization of cells results in formation of tissues.
What is the hierarchy of strucutre in living organisms?
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Individuals or Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
