Chapter 5/6 - Phenomenological and Humanistic Theories

Question 1

The core of personality consists of ________ and _________.

Answer 1

Self-concept; self-esteem

Question 2

People’s motivations arise from _______.

Answer 2

Within

Question 3

What types of interpretations govern behaviour?

Answer 3

Subjective

Question 4

What are the 4 early ideas?

Answer 4

Roots in enlightenment

Humans fundamentally good

Free choice

Growth of the individual influenced by societal demands

Question 5

What is phenomenology?

Answer 5

Way people understand and perceive world matters

Question 6

What are the 2 key ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre?

Answer 6

Humans have freedom because they have imagination

Freedom involves responsibility

Question 7

Death is a determinant of __________.

Answer 7

Human existence

Question 8

_________ and _________ are determinants of human behaviour.

Answer 8

Free will; free choice

Question 9

What is the phenomenal field?

Answer 9

Space of perception that makes up our experience (subjective)

**Inner and outer

Question 10

What is Roger’s theory of self?

Answer 10

The way people see themselves

Question 11

What 3 perceptions comprise the self?

Answer 11

Organized, compatible, congruent

Question 12

What does it mean to be organized?

Answer 12

Consistent and whole

Question 13

What does it mean to be compatible?

Answer 13

Perceptions ‘fit together’

Question 14

What does it mean to be congruent?

Answer 14

Experiences represented accurately (realistic)

Question 15

What are Rogers’ 2 selves?

Answer 15

Actual self, ideal self

Question 16

What are the 2 other selves NOT by Rogers?

Answer 16

Ought self, feared self

Question 17

What are the 2 ways to measure self-concept?

Answer 17

Q-sort technique (cards)

Semantic differential (likert)

Question 18

What are the 3 categories of semantic differential?

Answer 18

Eye white, Eye black, Jane

Question 19

What represents Eye White?

Answer 19

Well socialized but unsatisfied with self

Question 20

What represents Eye Black?

Answer 20

Out of contact with reality but self-assured

Question 21

What represents Jane?

Answer 21

“Healthy” view of self and society but restricted and undiversified

Question 22

What are the 2 needs that emerge with self-concept?

Answer 22

Conditional positive regard, unconditional positive regard

Question 23

What is conditional positive regard?

Answer 23

Universal need of positive social feedback coming from others, based on behaviour

Question 24

What is unconditional positive regard?

Answer 24

Person valued by just being who they are

Question 25

What 3 factors categorize a creativity-fostering environment?

Answer 25

Parent respects and encourages child's opinion Warm, intimate, and supportive Independence of child

Question 26

What 4 factors categorize a creativity personality?

Answer 26

Proud of accomplishments Involved in activities Range of interests Perseverance/comfort with uncertainties

Question 27

What are conditions of worth?

Answer 27

External value of person's behaviour as a result of conditional positive regard and punishment

Question 28

___________ and __________ may decrease or distort motivation.

Answer 28

Rewards; incentives

Question 29

Psychopathology emerges when...

Answer 29

Path of self-actualization becomes lost

Question 30

What are the 4 impediments to self-actualization?

Answer 30

Incongruence Defensive processes Disorganization Reintegration

Question 31

What is incongruence?

Answer 31

Conflict between self and experience

Question 32

What are the 3 defensive processes?

Answer 32

Perceptual distortion, denial of awareness, subperception

Question 33

What is disorganization?

Answer 33

Self becomes fragmented when defenses not enough

Question 34

What is reintegration?

Answer 34

Person becomes aware and integrates distorted/denied experiences into self-perception of world

Question 35

What are the 4 key features essential to client-centered therapy?

Answer 35

Empathic understanding, warmth, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

Question 36

The aspect of ________ is also important to client-centered therapy.

Answer 36

Presence

Question 37

What 4 ideas is existentialism concerned with?

Answer 37

The human condition Significance of the individual Free choice Anguish and despair

Question 38

What are 3 contributors to loneliness?

Answer 38

Impersonality of culture Transient quality Fear of close relationships

Question 39

What is terror management theory (TMT)?

Answer 39

Coping with idea of death

Question 40

What is mortality salience?

Answer 40

Awareness of inevitability of death

Question 41

What causes mortality salience?

Answer 41

Conflict between person's desire to live and fear of death

Question 42

What is authenticity?

Answer 42

Extent to which people behave according to true self

Question 43

What is self-determination theory?

Answer 43

Fundamental psychological need of all humans for competence, connection, and autonomy

Question 44

What are the critical elements of self-determination theory?

Answer 44

Self-initiated vs. controlled by others Compelled vs. freely chosen

Question 45

What is deficit motivation?

Answer 45

Filling a need

Question 46

What is growth motivation?

Answer 46

Where self-actualization occurs (intrinsic values)

Question 47

____________ are essential to self-actualization.

Answer 47

Peak experiences

Question 48

What are the 5 levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 48

Self-actualization Esteem Belongingness Safety Physiological

Question 49

Who are the 2 main proponents of the positive psychology movement?

Answer 49

Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi

Question 50

What are the 3 main tenets of the positive psychology movement?

Answer 50

Human strengths, positive emotions, flow

Question 51

What are the 3 characteristics of human strengths?

Answer 51

Enduring and beneficial Fostered through parents/society Valued cross-culturally

Question 52

What is 'flow'?

Answer 52

Perceived match between personal skills and environmental challenges

Question 53

Western cultures value ________ whereas Japanese cultures value ________.

Answer 53

Self-esteem; self-criticism

Question 54

The personality systems interactions theory consists of the _______, _______ self.

Answer 54

Holistic, integrated

Question 55

What are the 4 functionally distinct personality systems?

Answer 55

Analytical thinking Holistic thinking-and-feeling Intuitive behaviour control Discrepancy detection

Question 56

What is the analytical thinking system?

Answer 56

Process material in logical, step-by-step manner

Question 57

Analytical thinking system __________ __________ emotion.

Answer 57

Decreases; positive

Question 58

What is the holistic thinking-and-feeling system?

Answer 58

Parallel-processing with interconnections and unconscious activity

Question 59

Holistic thinking-and-feeling system __________ __________ emotion.

Answer 59

Decreases; negative

Question 60

What is the intuitive behaviour control system?

Answer 60

Unconsciously/automatically engage in activity

Question 61

Intuitive behaviour control system ___________ ___________ emotion.

Answer 61

Increases; positive

Question 62

What is the discrepancy detection system?

Answer 62

Sensitive to differences between experiences and expectations/goals

Question 63

Discrepancy detection system ____________ ____________ emotion.

Answer 63

Increases; negative

Question 64

What are the 2 implications PSI theory has on Rogers' self theory?

Answer 64

Scientific basis Effectiveness of client-centered therapy

Question 65

The theories are _______ and have _______ but are NOT _______ _______, _______, or _______.

Answer 65

Systematic; applications Scientifically supported; testable; comprehensive