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Personality > Chapter 5/6 - Phenomenological and Humanistic Theories > Flashcards

Chapter 5/6 - Phenomenological and Humanistic Theories Flashcards

1
Q

The core of personality consists of ________ and _________.

A

Self-concept; self-esteem

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2
Q

People’s motivations arise from _______.

A

Within

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3
Q

What types of interpretations govern behaviour?

A

Subjective

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4
Q

What are the 4 early ideas?

A

Roots in enlightenment

Humans fundamentally good

Free choice

Growth of the individual influenced by societal demands

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5
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

Way people understand and perceive world matters

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6
Q

What are the 2 key ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre?

A

Humans have freedom because they have imagination

Freedom involves responsibility

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7
Q

Death is a determinant of __________.

A

Human existence

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8
Q

_________ and _________ are determinants of human behaviour.

A

Free will; free choice

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9
Q

What is the phenomenal field?

A

Space of perception that makes up our experience (subjective)

**Inner and outer

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10
Q

What is Roger’s theory of self?

A

The way people see themselves

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11
Q

What 3 perceptions comprise the self?

A

Organized, compatible, congruent

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12
Q

What does it mean to be organized?

A

Consistent and whole

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13
Q

What does it mean to be compatible?

A

Perceptions ‘fit together’

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14
Q

What does it mean to be congruent?

A

Experiences represented accurately (realistic)

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15
Q

What are Rogers’ 2 selves?

A

Actual self, ideal self

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16
Q

What are the 2 other selves NOT by Rogers?

A

Ought self, feared self

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17
Q

What are the 2 ways to measure self-concept?

A

Q-sort technique (cards)

Semantic differential (likert)

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18
Q

What are the 3 categories of semantic differential?

A

Eye white, Eye black, Jane

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19
Q

What represents Eye White?

A

Well socialized but unsatisfied with self

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20
Q

What represents Eye Black?

A

Out of contact with reality but self-assured

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21
Q

What represents Jane?

A

“Healthy” view of self and society but restricted and undiversified

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22
Q

What are the 2 needs that emerge with self-concept?

A

Conditional positive regard, unconditional positive regard

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23
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

Universal need of positive social feedback coming from others, based on behaviour

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24
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Person valued by just being who they are

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25
Q

What 3 factors categorize a creativity-fostering environment?

A

Parent respects and encourages child’s opinion

Warm, intimate, and supportive

Independence of child

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26
Q

What 4 factors categorize a creativity personality?

A

Proud of accomplishments

Involved in activities

Range of interests

Perseverance/comfort with uncertainties

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27
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

External value of person’s behaviour as a result of conditional positive regard and punishment

28
Q

___________ and __________ may decrease or distort motivation.

A

Rewards; incentives

29
Q

Psychopathology emerges when…

A

Path of self-actualization becomes lost

30
Q

What are the 4 impediments to self-actualization?

A

Incongruence

Defensive processes

Disorganization

Reintegration

31
Q

What is incongruence?

A

Conflict between self and experience

32
Q

What are the 3 defensive processes?

A

Perceptual distortion, denial of awareness, subperception

33
Q

What is disorganization?

A

Self becomes fragmented when defenses not enough

34
Q

What is reintegration?

A

Person becomes aware and integrates distorted/denied experiences into self-perception of world

35
Q

What are the 4 key features essential to client-centered therapy?

A

Empathic understanding, warmth, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

36
Q

The aspect of ________ is also important to client-centered therapy.

A

Presence

37
Q

What 4 ideas is existentialism concerned with?

A

The human condition

Significance of the individual

Free choice

Anguish and despair

38
Q

What are 3 contributors to loneliness?

A

Impersonality of culture

Transient quality

Fear of close relationships

39
Q

What is terror management theory (TMT)?

A

Coping with idea of death

40
Q

What is mortality salience?

A

Awareness of inevitability of death

41
Q

What causes mortality salience?

A

Conflict between person’s desire to live and fear of death

42
Q

What is authenticity?

A

Extent to which people behave according to true self

43
Q

What is self-determination theory?

A

Fundamental psychological need of all humans for competence, connection, and autonomy

44
Q

What are the critical elements of self-determination theory?

A

Self-initiated vs. controlled by others

Compelled vs. freely chosen

45
Q

What is deficit motivation?

A

Filling a need

46
Q

What is growth motivation?

A

Where self-actualization occurs (intrinsic values)

47
Q

____________ are essential to self-actualization.

A

Peak experiences

48
Q

What are the 5 levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-actualization

Esteem

Belongingness

Safety

Physiological

49
Q

Who are the 2 main proponents of the positive psychology movement?

A

Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi

50
Q

What are the 3 main tenets of the positive psychology movement?

A

Human strengths, positive emotions, flow

51
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of human strengths?

A

Enduring and beneficial

Fostered through parents/society

Valued cross-culturally

52
Q

What is ‘flow’?

A

Perceived match between personal skills and environmental challenges

53
Q

Western cultures value ________ whereas Japanese cultures value ________.

A

Self-esteem; self-criticism

54
Q

The personality systems interactions theory consists of the _______, _______ self.

A

Holistic, integrated

55
Q

What are the 4 functionally distinct personality systems?

A

Analytical thinking

Holistic thinking-and-feeling

Intuitive behaviour control

Discrepancy detection

56
Q

What is the analytical thinking system?

A

Process material in logical, step-by-step manner

57
Q

Analytical thinking system __________ __________ emotion.

A

Decreases; positive

58
Q

What is the holistic thinking-and-feeling system?

A

Parallel-processing with interconnections and unconscious activity

59
Q

Holistic thinking-and-feeling system __________ __________ emotion.

A

Decreases; negative

60
Q

What is the intuitive behaviour control system?

A

Unconsciously/automatically engage in activity

61
Q

Intuitive behaviour control system ___________ ___________ emotion.

A

Increases; positive

62
Q

What is the discrepancy detection system?

A

Sensitive to differences between experiences and expectations/goals

63
Q

Discrepancy detection system ____________ ____________ emotion.

A

Increases; negative

64
Q

What are the 2 implications PSI theory has on Rogers’ self theory?

A

Scientific basis

Effectiveness of client-centered therapy

65
Q

The theories are _______ and have _______ but are NOT _______ _______, _______, or _______.

A

Systematic; applications

Scientifically supported; testable; comprehensive

Personality (14 decks)

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