Chapter 10 - Behaviourism and Learning Theories Flashcards
What are the types of behaviourism?
Classical
Radical
What are the focuses of classical behaviourism?
Overt behaviour
Direct observation
Precise definitions
Controlled experimentation
Cognition = covert speech
What does classical behaviourism NOT study?
Anything not visible
Mental states
What are the focuses of radical behaviourism?
Control and prediction of behaviour
Expanded processes (ex. language)
Must be observable to individual
In radical behaviourism, _____________ such as thoughts and emotions are acknowledged but considered non-explanatory. They are forms of behaviour ___________________.
Internal states; subject to conditioning
What are the 2 types of learning?
Conditional
Operant
What is respondent/classical conditioning?
Stimulus associated to response
What is operant conditioning?
Behaviour acquired/modified with consequences
Behaviour and interactional styles are…
Product of environment that is subtly reinforced/punished
What is situational specificity?
Behaviour = situation specific
Consistency of human behaviour results from ____________. When situations different, behaviour expected to be __________.
Situational cues; different
What is research of behaviourism based on?
Systematic and controlled
Animal models
Nomothetic
Radical behaviourism is __________. It is based on direct description of _____________ with as little __________ as possible.
Parsimonious; behavioural contingencies; inference/assumptions
What are the additional approaches that are used to study behaviour?
Functionalist
Environmentalistic
Pragmatic
Materialistic
Experimentalistic
What did Pavlov study?
Early model of classical conditioning
Conditioned responses emerge from ____________ and are lost by ____________.
Acquisition; extinction
What is discrimination?
Recognition of differences between stimuli
What is generalization?
Response generalizes to other similar stimuli
What are B.F. Skinner’s 2 goals in psychology?
Prediction and control
What is functional analyses?
Environmental influences on behaviour, and detailed descriptions
What are operant behaviours?
Every observable behaviour emitted by organism
What is a reinforcer?
Something that follows response and increases probability of response occurring again
What are generalized reinforcers?
Associated with many other reinforcing stimuli
What is respondent behaviour?
Elicited by stimulus
What is discriminative stimuli?
Cue organism that something is going to happen
When people get sleepy after the sky turns dark, this is an example of _________.
Discriminative stimuli
What is stimulus control?
Behaviour occurs only when certain stimuli present
Measurement of operant behaviour usually based on…
Rate of occurence
Cumulative records graphically display…
Rates of occurrence and changes in rates
___________ and ___________ reflect learning patterns.
Learning/acquisition curves; extinction curves
What is the difference in negative and positive reinforcements?
Negative: withdrawal of unpleasant stimulus
Positive: added after desired behaviour
What is prompting?
Reminder to perform behaviour
What is fading?
Progressively withdrawing prompting and increasing reinforcement
What is shaping?
Reinforcing closer approximations of behaviour
What is escape?
Remove noxious stimuli following correct behaviour
What is active avoidance?
Behaviour avoids noxious stimulus
What is positive punishment?
Add noxious stimuli following behaviour
What is negative punishment?
Remove appetitive (natural) stimulus following behaviour
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement: increases behaviour
Punishment: decreases behaviour
What are schedules of reinforcement?
Relation between behaviour and when reinforcement occurs
What is continuous vs intermittent reinforcement?
Continuous: all instances of behaviour reinforced
Intermittent: some instances of behaviour reinforced
What is the difference between fixed and variable?
Fixed = constant
Variable = unpredictable
What are ratio schedules?
Reinforcement after certain # responses made
What is an interval schedule?
Reinforced after behaviour emitted over certain amount of time
What is matching theory?
When many behaviours possible, people will emit behaviour leading to highest rate of reinforcement
The responding rate for schedules of reinforcement is, from highest to lowest…
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
What are setting events?
Environmental cue that increase likelihood of behaviour
Behaviours cued by stimuli are said to be under ___________.
Stimulus control
According to Skinner’s theory, humans are organisms that adapt to ___________, therefore, behaviour is ___________.
Environment; situational
Development is the result of…
Increased complexity of learning and number of responses learned
As a child grows older, they are exposed to increasing # of __________, thus developing more _____________. This is an example of ____________.
Situations; complex behavioural repertoire; development
Psychopathy results from…
Failure to learn or maladaptive learning
What is the difference between sign and sample approach?
Sign: infer personality from test behaviour
Sample: interest in behaviour itself in relation to environmental conditions
What 2 fundamental aspects of human life do behaviourists neglect?
Natural adaptive functions
Giving subjective meaning to environments
When research was transferred from animals to humans, its success was __________.
Limited
Learning theories are _________, _________, and ___________ but may not be _________ in real life.
Systematic; comprehensive; applicable
Testable
