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Personality > Chapter 10 - Behaviourism and Learning Theories > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Behaviourism and Learning Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of behaviourism?

A

Classical

Radical

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2
Q

What are the focuses of classical behaviourism?

A

Overt behaviour

Direct observation

Precise definitions

Controlled experimentation

Cognition = covert speech

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3
Q

What does classical behaviourism NOT study?

A

Anything not visible

Mental states

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4
Q

What are the focuses of radical behaviourism?

A

Control and prediction of behaviour

Expanded processes (ex. language)

Must be observable to individual

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5
Q

In radical behaviourism, _____________ such as thoughts and emotions are acknowledged but considered non-explanatory. They are forms of behaviour ___________________.

A

Internal states; subject to conditioning

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of learning?

A

Conditional

Operant

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7
Q

What is respondent/classical conditioning?

A

Stimulus associated to response

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour acquired/modified with consequences

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9
Q

Behaviour and interactional styles are…

A

Product of environment that is subtly reinforced/punished

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10
Q

What is situational specificity?

A

Behaviour = situation specific

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11
Q

Consistency of human behaviour results from ____________. When situations different, behaviour expected to be __________.

A

Situational cues; different

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12
Q

What is research of behaviourism based on?

A

Systematic and controlled

Animal models

Nomothetic

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13
Q

Radical behaviourism is __________. It is based on direct description of _____________ with as little __________ as possible.

A

Parsimonious; behavioural contingencies; inference/assumptions

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14
Q

What are the additional approaches that are used to study behaviour?

A

Functionalist

Environmentalistic

Pragmatic

Materialistic

Experimentalistic

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15
Q

What did Pavlov study?

A

Early model of classical conditioning

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16
Q

Conditioned responses emerge from ____________ and are lost by ____________.

A

Acquisition; extinction

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17
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Recognition of differences between stimuli

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18
Q

What is generalization?

A

Response generalizes to other similar stimuli

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19
Q

What are B.F. Skinner’s 2 goals in psychology?

A

Prediction and control

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20
Q

What is functional analyses?

A

Environmental influences on behaviour, and detailed descriptions

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21
Q

What are operant behaviours?

A

Every observable behaviour emitted by organism

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22
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Something that follows response and increases probability of response occurring again

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23
Q

What are generalized reinforcers?

A

Associated with many other reinforcing stimuli

24
Q

What is respondent behaviour?

A

Elicited by stimulus

25
Q

What is discriminative stimuli?

A

Cue organism that something is going to happen

26
Q

When people get sleepy after the sky turns dark, this is an example of _________.

A

Discriminative stimuli

27
Q

What is stimulus control?

A

Behaviour occurs only when certain stimuli present

28
Q

Measurement of operant behaviour usually based on…

A

Rate of occurence

29
Q

Cumulative records graphically display…

A

Rates of occurrence and changes in rates

30
Q

___________ and ___________ reflect learning patterns.

A

Learning/acquisition curves; extinction curves

31
Q

What is the difference in negative and positive reinforcements?

A

Negative: withdrawal of unpleasant stimulus

Positive: added after desired behaviour

32
Q

What is prompting?

A

Reminder to perform behaviour

33
Q

What is fading?

A

Progressively withdrawing prompting and increasing reinforcement

34
Q

What is shaping?

A

Reinforcing closer approximations of behaviour

35
Q

What is escape?

A

Remove noxious stimuli following correct behaviour

36
Q

What is active avoidance?

A

Behaviour avoids noxious stimulus

37
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Add noxious stimuli following behaviour

38
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Remove appetitive (natural) stimulus following behaviour

39
Q

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A

Reinforcement: increases behaviour

Punishment: decreases behaviour

40
Q

What are schedules of reinforcement?

A

Relation between behaviour and when reinforcement occurs

41
Q

What is continuous vs intermittent reinforcement?

A

Continuous: all instances of behaviour reinforced

Intermittent: some instances of behaviour reinforced

42
Q

What is the difference between fixed and variable?

A

Fixed = constant

Variable = unpredictable

43
Q

What are ratio schedules?

A

Reinforcement after certain # responses made

44
Q

What is an interval schedule?

A

Reinforced after behaviour emitted over certain amount of time

45
Q

What is matching theory?

A

When many behaviours possible, people will emit behaviour leading to highest rate of reinforcement

46
Q

The responding rate for schedules of reinforcement is, from highest to lowest…

A

Fixed ratio

Variable ratio

Fixed interval

Variable interval

47
Q

What are setting events?

A

Environmental cue that increase likelihood of behaviour

48
Q

Behaviours cued by stimuli are said to be under ___________.

A

Stimulus control

49
Q

According to Skinner’s theory, humans are organisms that adapt to ___________, therefore, behaviour is ___________.

A

Environment; situational

50
Q

Development is the result of…

A

Increased complexity of learning and number of responses learned

51
Q

As a child grows older, they are exposed to increasing # of __________, thus developing more _____________. This is an example of ____________.

A

Situations; complex behavioural repertoire; development

52
Q

Psychopathy results from…

A

Failure to learn or maladaptive learning

53
Q

What is the difference between sign and sample approach?

A

Sign: infer personality from test behaviour

Sample: interest in behaviour itself in relation to environmental conditions

54
Q

What 2 fundamental aspects of human life do behaviourists neglect?

A

Natural adaptive functions

Giving subjective meaning to environments

55
Q

When research was transferred from animals to humans, its success was __________.

A

Limited

56
Q

Learning theories are _________, _________, and ___________ but may not be _________ in real life.

A

Systematic; comprehensive; applicable

Testable

Personality (14 decks)

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