Chapter 10 - Behaviourism and Learning Theories

Question 1

What are the types of behaviourism?

Answer 1

Classical

Radical

Question 2

What are the focuses of classical behaviourism?

Answer 2

Overt behaviour

Direct observation

Precise definitions

Controlled experimentation

Cognition = covert speech

Question 3

What does classical behaviourism NOT study?

Answer 3

Anything not visible

Mental states

Question 4

What are the focuses of radical behaviourism?

Answer 4

Control and prediction of behaviour

Expanded processes (ex. language)

Must be observable to individual

Question 5

In radical behaviourism, _____________ such as thoughts and emotions are acknowledged but considered non-explanatory. They are forms of behaviour ___________________.

Answer 5

Internal states; subject to conditioning

Question 6

What are the 2 types of learning?

Answer 6

Conditional

Operant

Question 7

What is respondent/classical conditioning?

Answer 7

Stimulus associated to response

Question 8

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 8

Behaviour acquired/modified with consequences

Question 9

Behaviour and interactional styles are…

Answer 9

Product of environment that is subtly reinforced/punished

Question 10

What is situational specificity?

Answer 10

Behaviour = situation specific

Question 11

Consistency of human behaviour results from ____________. When situations different, behaviour expected to be __________.

Answer 11

Situational cues; different

Question 12

What is research of behaviourism based on?

Answer 12

Systematic and controlled

Animal models

Nomothetic

Question 13

Radical behaviourism is __________. It is based on direct description of _____________ with as little __________ as possible.

Answer 13

Parsimonious; behavioural contingencies; inference/assumptions

Question 14

What are the additional approaches that are used to study behaviour?

Answer 14

Functionalist

Environmentalistic

Pragmatic

Materialistic

Experimentalistic

Question 15

What did Pavlov study?

Answer 15

Early model of classical conditioning

Question 16

Conditioned responses emerge from ____________ and are lost by ____________.

Answer 16

Acquisition; extinction

Question 17

What is discrimination?

Answer 17

Recognition of differences between stimuli

Question 18

What is generalization?

Answer 18

Response generalizes to other similar stimuli

Question 19

What are B.F. Skinner’s 2 goals in psychology?

Answer 19

Prediction and control

Question 20

What is functional analyses?

Answer 20

Environmental influences on behaviour, and detailed descriptions

Question 21

What are operant behaviours?

Answer 21

Every observable behaviour emitted by organism

Question 22

What is a reinforcer?

Answer 22

Something that follows response and increases probability of response occurring again

Question 23

What are generalized reinforcers?

Answer 23

Associated with many other reinforcing stimuli

Question 24

What is respondent behaviour?

Answer 24

Elicited by stimulus

Question 25

What is discriminative stimuli?

Answer 25

Cue organism that something is going to happen

Question 26

When people get sleepy after the sky turns dark, this is an example of _________.

Answer 26

Discriminative stimuli

Question 27

What is stimulus control?

Answer 27

Behaviour occurs only when certain stimuli present

Question 28

Measurement of operant behaviour usually based on...

Answer 28

Rate of occurence

Question 29

Cumulative records graphically display...

Answer 29

Rates of occurrence and changes in rates

Question 30

___________ and ___________ reflect learning patterns.

Answer 30

Learning/acquisition curves; extinction curves

Question 31

What is the difference in negative and positive reinforcements?

Answer 31

Negative: withdrawal of unpleasant stimulus Positive: added after desired behaviour

Question 32

What is prompting?

Answer 32

Reminder to perform behaviour

Question 33

What is fading?

Answer 33

Progressively withdrawing prompting and increasing reinforcement

Question 34

What is shaping?

Answer 34

Reinforcing closer approximations of behaviour

Question 35

What is escape?

Answer 35

Remove noxious stimuli following correct behaviour

Question 36

What is active avoidance?

Answer 36

Behaviour avoids noxious stimulus

Question 37

What is positive punishment?

Answer 37

Add noxious stimuli following behaviour

Question 38

What is negative punishment?

Answer 38

Remove appetitive (natural) stimulus following behaviour

Question 39

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 39

Reinforcement: increases behaviour Punishment: decreases behaviour

Question 40

What are schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 40

Relation between behaviour and when reinforcement occurs

Question 41

What is continuous vs intermittent reinforcement?

Answer 41

Continuous: all instances of behaviour reinforced Intermittent: some instances of behaviour reinforced

Question 42

What is the difference between fixed and variable?

Answer 42

Fixed = constant Variable = unpredictable

Question 43

What are ratio schedules?

Answer 43

Reinforcement after certain # responses made

Question 44

What is an interval schedule?

Answer 44

Reinforced after behaviour emitted over certain amount of time

Question 45

What is matching theory?

Answer 45

When many behaviours possible, people will emit behaviour leading to highest rate of reinforcement

Question 46

The responding rate for schedules of reinforcement is, from highest to lowest...

Answer 46

Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval

Question 47

What are setting events?

Answer 47

Environmental cue that increase likelihood of behaviour

Question 48

Behaviours cued by stimuli are said to be under ___________.

Answer 48

Stimulus control

Question 49

According to Skinner's theory, humans are organisms that adapt to ___________, therefore, behaviour is ___________.

Answer 49

Environment; situational

Question 50

Development is the result of...

Answer 50

Increased complexity of learning and number of responses learned

Question 51

As a child grows older, they are exposed to increasing # of __________, thus developing more _____________. This is an example of ____________.

Answer 51

Situations; complex behavioural repertoire; development

Question 52

Psychopathy results from...

Answer 52

Failure to learn or maladaptive learning

Question 53

What is the difference between sign and sample approach?

Answer 53

Sign: infer personality from test behaviour Sample: interest in behaviour itself in relation to environmental conditions

Question 54

What 2 fundamental aspects of human life do behaviourists neglect?

Answer 54

Natural adaptive functions Giving subjective meaning to environments

Question 55

When research was transferred from animals to humans, its success was __________.

Answer 55

Limited

Question 56

Learning theories are _________, _________, and ___________ but may not be _________ in real life.

Answer 56

Systematic; comprehensive; applicable Testable