Chapter 13 - Social-Cognitive Theory Related Conceptualizations Flashcards
Which social-cognitive theory did Hazel Markus create?
Self conceptualized as a schema
Self-schemas are often developed about personal attributes based on…
Socially important events/aspects
What does it mean that people are ‘schematic’ about some things but not others?
Some people more knowledgeable in one field than another
What do reaction-time measures measure?
How long it takes to respond typically relevant to self-schema, where highly self-schematic brings faster reaction time
According to Markus, depending on situation, different ___________ come into action. This explains the ________ self-concept.
Schemas; working
Why does working self-concept occur?
Think differently of selves in different social contexts
Which social-cognitive theory did Willian Swann create?
Self-enhancement and self-verification
What is self-enhancement?
Motive to maintain/enhance positive views of self
What is self-verification?
Motive to obtain information consistent with one’s self-concept
Swann present evidence that people gravitate toward relationships with others who see them as…
They see themselves
Which social-cognitive theory did Carol Dweck create?
Learning vs performance goals
What is the difference between learning and performance goals?
Learning: enhance knowledge and mastery
Performance: making good impression on others
What are implicit theories?
General beliefs that influence thinking
What is the difference between ‘entities’ and ‘incremental’?
Entity: fixed
Incremental: gradually/naturally changes overtime
People who view characteristics as ________ tend to set performance goals, whereas people who see them as ___________ tend to set learning goals.
Entities; incremental
Which social-cognitive theory did Tory Higgins create?
Standards of evaluation
What are the two different standards, as stated by Higgins?
Ideal and ought
What do self-discrepancies cause?
Different emotional experiences
What do discrepancies between actual and ideal selves contribute to?
Depression
What do discrepancies between actual and ought selves contribute to?
Anxiety
What is promotion motivation?
Motivated toward well-being and positive outcomes
What is prevention?
Avoiding negative outcomes
People who evaluate their actions through ideal standards tend to be motivated by ________ whereas people who evaluate their actions through ought standards tend to be motivated by _______.
Promotion; prevention
What is the general principles approach?
Used to explain cross-situational consistency and variability in thoughts/actions
