Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

combined catabolic and anabolic reactions in a body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaking down molecules and releasing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

synthesizing molecules and NEEDS energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

pathway where glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the net equation for glycolysis?

A

glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2Pi -> 2 pyruvates + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is glycolysis exergonic or endergonic?

A

exergonic
- produces energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does the reaction begin with glucose turning into G6P?

A

phosphorylation traps glucose inside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the ATP exchange in glycolysis?

A

uses 2 ATP to make 4 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do we need to make lactic acid?

A

to avoid end-product inhibition
- NADHs produced in glycolysis needs to give hydrogens away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does lactic acid pathway work?

A

without oxygen, NADH gives hydrogens to pyruvate to make lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the net gain in the lactic acid pathway?

A

2 ATPs per glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What blood cell only uses lactic acid pathway? Why?

A

red blood cells
- no mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the lactic acid pathway occur?

A

skeletal and heart muscle when oxygen supply falls below critical level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is glucose stored?

A

as glycogen (long glucose chains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

clips glucose out of glycogen as G6P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the only organ that can remove phosphate groups?

A

liver has glucose-6-phosphatase and can secrete glucose

18
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A

lactic acid -> pyruvate -> glucose and glycogen
- gluconeogenesis (reverse glycolysis)

19
Q

How does aerobic respiration start?

A

pyruvate enters mitochondria
- CO2 clipped off pyruvate to form acetyl CoA

20
Q

How does Krebs Cycle start?

A

acetyle CoA combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate

21
Q

What does the Krebs Cycle produce?

A

1 GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

22
Q

How does FADH2 and NADH get converted to energy (ATP)?

A

by carrying electrons to the electron transport chain

23
Q

What proteins are involved in the ETC?

A

FMN, coenzyme Q and cytochromes

24
Q

Where does ETC occur?

A

cristae of mitochondria

25
Q

Is ETC endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic
- energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)

26
Q

How does the ATP synthase work?

A
  • energy gathered from ETC pumps H+ into mitochondrial outer chamber (high H+ concentration)
  • H+ diffuses down concentration and charge gradient and back into their inner chamber
27
Q

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

how ETC work and how the energy released by the transfer of electrons to create an electrochemical gradient across a membrane

28
Q

What happens to the electrons added to ETC?

A

reaches the end and O2 accepts them to make water

29
Q

What are the 2 ways ATP is made?

A

1) Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation
- 2 ATP in glycolysis
- 2 ATP in Krebs
2) Oxidative phosphorylation in Krebs cycle (ETC)
- 30-32 ATPs

30
Q

How many ATP is made in ETC?

A

3 (or 4) H+ forms 1 ATP
- makes 26 ATP

31
Q

How many ATP is made from NADH? FADH2?

A

1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

32
Q

What is the total ATP production?

A

26 ATP from ETC
2 ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP from Krebs
= 30 ATP/glucose

33
Q

How are fats used as energy?

A

hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids

34
Q

How can proteins be used as energy?

A

broken down to amino acids
- can be deaminated and r=

35
Q

What is acetyl CoA?

A

substrate for energy and synthetic pathways

36
Q

What is fat? (triglycerides)

A

fatty acid + glycerol

37
Q

What is the main form of energy storage?

A

fat
- 9 kcal/g

38
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

breakdown of fat into fatty acids and glycerol
- hydrolysis

39
Q

What is beta-oxidation?

A

clips acetyl CoA off of fatty acid chains

40
Q

What is transamination?

A

interconverts amino acids

41
Q

What is deamination?

A

removes amino group

Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions