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Physiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of sensory receptors?

A
  • dendritic endings of neurons
  • specialized endings of neurons or non-neuronal cells
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2
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

can sense chemical stimuli

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3
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

sense light

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4
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

responds to temperature changes

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5
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

responds to deformation of their cell membrane

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6
Q

What are nocireceptors?

A

respond to intense stimuli by signaling pain

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7
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

signal positional information of body parts

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8
Q

Where are general/cutaneous receptors?

A

near an epithelial surface

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9
Q

Where are special sense receptors?

A

part of a sensory organ

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10
Q

What do general receptors respond to?

A

touch, pressure, temperature, pain

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11
Q

What are examples of sepcial sense receptors?

A

hearing, sight, equilibrium

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12
Q

What are tonic receptors?

A

respond at constant rate as long as stimulus is applied
- pain

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13
Q

What are phasic receptors?

A

respond with burst of activity but quickly reduce firing rate to constant stimulation (adaptation)
- smell
- touch

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14
Q

What is the law of specific nerve energies?

A

stimulation of sensory fiber evokes only the sensation of its modality
- adequate stimulus = normal (requires least energy to activate its receptor

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15
Q

What is another potential that is similar to generator potential?

A

sensory receptor equivalent of EPSPs

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16
Q

When are generator potentials produced?

A

in response to adequate stimulus

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17
Q

After threshold is reached, what is action potential frequency proportional to?

A

amplitude of generator potential

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18
Q

How does generator potential work in phasic receptors?

A

it adapts to a constant stimulus and quickly diminishes in amplitude

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19
Q

How does generator potential work in tonic receptors?

A

it doesn’t adapt to a constant stimulus

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20
Q

What are exteroceptors?

A

respond to chemicals in external environment

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21
Q

What are interoceptors?

A

respond to chemicals in internal environment

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22
Q

What do taste receptors sense?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (amino acids)

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23
Q

What are taste receptor cells?

A

modified epithelial cells

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24
Q

How many taste receptor cells are in each taste bud?

A

50-100 cells

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25
Q

How do we taste salty and sour?

A

Na+ and H+ go through ion channels
- do not bind to receptors

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26
Q

How do we taste sweet and bitter?

A

act through g-proteins
- bind to receptors

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27
Q

Where are smell receptors?

A

located in olfactory epithelium at the top of the nose

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28
Q

What is in the olfactory apparatus? What are their functions?

A

1) receptor cells: bipolar neurons that send axons to olfactory bulb
2) supporting cells: detoxifying enzymes
3) basal cells: stem cells that produce new receptor cells every 1-2 months

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29
Q

How do odor molecules work?

A

bind to receptors
- act through g-proteins

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibular apparatus?

A

provides sense of equilibrium
- orientation to gravity

31
Q

What forms the inner ear?

A

vestibular apparatus and cochlea

32
Q

What is in the vestibular apparatus?

A

otolith organs
- utricle
- saccule
semicircular canals

33
Q

Where are sensory structures located in the ear?

A

membranous labyrinth
- filled with endolymph
- located in bony labyrinth

34
Q

What part of the ear provides info about linear acceleration?

A
  • utricle
  • saccule
35
Q

What part of the ear provides info for angular/rotational acceleration?

A

semicircular canals

36
Q

What is the purpose of hair cells?

A

receptors for equilibrium

37
Q

What do hair cells have?

A

each have 20-50 hairlike extensions (stereocilia)
- 1 is a kinocilium

38
Q

How is the 8th nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) stimulated?

A

stereocilia are bent toward kinocilium
- hair cell depolarizes
- releases neurotransmitter and stimulates 8th nerve

39
Q

What happens when stereocilia are bent away from kinocilium?

A

hair cell is hyperpolarized
- frequency of action potential in hair cell carries information about movement

40
Q

What are the characteristics of utricle and saccule?

A
  • have macula with hair cells embedded with gelatinous otolithic membrane
  • contains calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths) that resist change in movement
41
Q

What is utricle sensitive to? What direction does the hair move?

A

horizontal acceleration
- hair pushed backward during forward acceleration

42
Q

What is the saccule sensitive to? Which direction does the hair move?

A

vertical acceleration
- hairs pushed upward when person descends

43
Q

What are the characteristics of the semicircular canals?

A
  • each have semicircular duct
  • the base has crista ampullaris (sensory hair cells reside)
44
Q

Where do hair cell processes occur?

A

cupula of crista ampullaris

45
Q

What are waves characterized by?

A

frequency: hertz (cycles/sec)
intensity: loudness (decibels)

46
Q

What does the middle ear have? Where is it?

A

has ossicles
- between tympanic membrane and cochlea

47
Q

What wavelengths count as visible light?

A

400-700nm

48
Q

What does the iris do?

A

controls size of pupil

49
Q

How does the pupil constrict?

A

contraction of circular muscles
- under parasympathetic control

50
Q

How does the pupil dilate?

A

contraction of radial muscles

51
Q

What is accommodation?

A

ability of eyes to keep image focuses on retina as distance between eyes and object varies

52
Q

What does accommodation result from?

A

contraction of ciliary muscle

53
Q

What happens to eyes at distances more than 20 feet?

A

ciliary relaxation places tension on suspensory ligament
- pulls lens taut
- least convex

54
Q

What happens to eyes when distance decreases?

A

ciliary muscles contract, reducing tension on suspensory ligament
- lens are more convex

55
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

sharpness of vision

56
Q

What does visual acuity depend on?

A

resolving power
- ability to resolve 2 closely spaced dots

57
Q

What is myopia?

A

nearsightedness
- image focused in front of retina
- eyeball is too long

58
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

farsightedness
- image is focused behind retina
- eyeball too short

59
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

cornea or lens is not symmetrical
- light is bent unevenly
- uneven focus

60
Q

What is the retina?

A

multilayered epithelium with neurons, pigmented epithelium and photoreceptors (rods and cones)

61
Q

Where do rods and cones face? Where do they send sensory info to?

A

face away from pupils
- send sensory info to bipolar cells

62
Q

Where do bipolar cells send electrical activity to?

A

ganglion cells

63
Q

Where do ganglion cells project signals to?

A

project axons through optic nerve to brain

64
Q

What are horizontal cells and amacrine cells?

A

interneurons involved in visual processing in retina

65
Q

What is the main characteristic of rods and cones?

A

inner segments
outer segments: stacks of photopigment discs
- new discs are added at the base and removed at the tip

66
Q

What do retinal pigment epithelium do?

A

phagocytizes old discs from tips
- absorbs excess light
- delivers nutrients from blood to the photoreceptors
- suppresses potential immune attack on retina
- stabilizes ion levels for photoreceptors

67
Q

How are rods activated?

A

when light produces chemical change in rhodopsin
- dissociates into retinal and opsin (bleaching reaction)
- causes changes in permeability, resulting in action potential in ganglion cells

68
Q

Which retinal cells produce action potentials?

A

ganglion and amacrine cells

69
Q

Which retinal cells produce graded potential changes?

A

rods, cones, bipolar, horizontal cells

70
Q

What happens to photoreceptors in the dark?

A

release inhibitory neurotransmitter that hyperpolarizes bipolar cells

71
Q

What happens to photoreceptors in the light?

A

inhibits photoreceptors from releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters
- stimulates bipolar cells

72
Q

What ion channels do rods and cones have? How does it change in dark and light?

A

have many Na+ channels that open in dark
- depolarizing influx is dark current
- light hyperpolarizes by closed Na+ channels

73
Q

What keeps Na+ channels open?

A

cGMP
- light converts cGMP to GMP and Na+ channels close

Physiology (18 decks)

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