Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms? What are the subunits?

A
  • smallest unit of chemical elements
  • protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

sum of protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is atomic number?

A

number of protons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are electron shells?

A

layers around nucleus
- depends on atomic number
- first shell: 2 electrons
- second shell: 8 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

those in the outermost shell
- participate in chemical reactions and form bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are isotopes?

A

same # of protons, different # of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

occurs when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between cation and anion?

A

cation: + charged
- loses electron
anion: - charged
- gains electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to ionic bonds in water?

A

dissociation
- water forms hydration spheres around ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules?

A

hydrophilic: soluble in water
- glucose and amino acids
hydrophobic: nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

atoms are sharing valence electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

forms between adjacent water molecules
- surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are acids?

A

release of protons in a solution (proton donor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are bases?

A

lowers H+ levels in a solution (proton acceptor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is pH?

A

concentration of H+ in a solution
pH = -log[H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are buffers?

A

slows changes in pH by either combining or releases hydrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is normal range for blood pH?

A

7.35 to 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is acidosis? Alkalosis?

A

acidosis: pH < 7.35
alkalosis: pH > 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

carbon covalently bound in hydrogen
- chains or rings
- backbone for functional groups

20
Q

What does the carbonyl group form?

A

ketones and aldehydes

21
Q

What does the hydroxyl group form?

A

alcohols

22
Q

What does the carboxyl group form?

A

organic acids
- lactic acid
- acetic acids

23
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

CnH2nOn
- building blocks: monosaccharides

24
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides covalently joined
- sucrose: glucose + fructose
- lactose: glucose + galactose
- maltose: 2 glucose

25
Q

What are polysaccharides and why are they important?

A

lots of monosaccharides linked together
- starch and glycogen
- energy storage

26
Q

What reaction forms disaccharides?

A

dehydration synthesis

27
Q

What reaction breaks down polysaccharides?

A

hydrolysis
- opposite of dehydration synthesis

28
Q

What are lipids?

A

hydrocarbon chains and rings
- hydrophobic

29
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

30
Q

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides?

A

saturated: no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chains

31
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

lipids with phosphate group
- polar (bears love water) head
- nonpolar tails

32
Q

What are steroids?

A

nonpolar 3 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring
- insoluble

33
Q

What is the precursor for steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

34
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

fatty acids with cyclic hydrocarbon group
- regulatory functions

35
Q

What are amino acids?

A

amine group + carboxyl group + functional group

36
Q

What are peptides?

A

short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- dehydration reaction

37
Q

What’s the different between polypeptide and protein?

A

polypeptide: <100 amino acids
protein: >100 amino acids

38
Q

What is primary structure of protein?

A

sequence of amino acids

39
Q

What is secondary structure of protein?

A

weak hydrogen bonding of amino acids
- alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

40
Q

What is tertiary structure of protein?

A

bending and folding of polypeptide chains to produce a 3D shape

41
Q

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

A

2+ polypeptide chains are joined

42
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

43
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

deoxyribose bonded to guanine or adenine (purines) and cytosine or thymine (pyrimidines) and a sugar-phosphate backbone

44
Q

What is RNA made of?

A

sugar-phosphate backbone with a ribose sugar
- guanine or adenine
- cytosine or uracil

45
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA that can work on a cell?

A

mRNA: messenger RNA
tRNA: transfer RNA
rRNA: ribosomal RNA

Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions