Chapter 1

Question 1

What is physiology?

Answer 1

study of how the body works to maintain life

Question 2

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 2

study of how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury

Question 3

What is the scientific method?

Answer 3

1) Observe something
2) Form a testable hypothesis with control and experimental groups
3) Conduct and analyze experiments
4) Draw conclusions about whether or not results support hypothesis
5) Develop a theory

Question 4

What is homeostasis?

Answer 4

maintenance of the internal environment within a range of values

Question 5

What kind of feedback loop is homeostasis?

Answer 5

negative feedback loop

Question 6

What is a sensor?

Answer 6

detects deviation from set point

Question 7

What is an integrating center?

Answer 7

determines response

Question 8

What is an effector?

Answer 8

produces response

Question 9

What is the sequence for a response loop?

Answer 9

• stimulus
• sensor
• afferent pathway
• integrating center
• efferent pathway
• effector
• response

Question 10

What is negative feedback?

Answer 10

change from an ideal value is made smaller or resisted

Question 11

What does negative feedback lead to?

Answer 11

healthy state and maintains homeostasis

Question 12

What is positive feedback?

Answer 12

change from an ideal normal value is made greater

Question 13

What does positive feedback lead to?

Answer 13

decompensated, disease state and away from homeostasis

Question 14

When is positive feedback good?

Answer 14

• produces blood clots
• causes ovulation
• oxytocin secretion during labor

Question 15

What is the response loop for blood glucose?

Answer 15

• eating
• increase in blood glucose
• pancreatic islets
• increase of insulin
• increase of cellular uptake of glucose
• decrease in blood glucose

Question 16

What are the four types of primary tissues?

Answer 16

muscle
nervous
epithelial
connective

Question 17

What are muscle tissue for? What are the 3 types?

Answer 17

contraction!
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth

Question 18

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

Answer 18

striated
- voluntary contraction
- each fiber forms by fusion of embryonic myoblasts (allows it to be large and multinucleated)
- individually controlled
- parallel with other fibers to form bundles

Question 19

What are the characteristics of myocardial cells?

Answer 19

• short, striated, involuntary
• branched to form continuous fabric
• intercalated discs between cells that provide mechanical and electrical interconnections
• not individually controlled

Question 20

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

Answer 20

not striated, involuntary
- found in many organs, tissues
- controlled by autonomic nervous system

Question 21

What is in nervous tissue?

Answer 21

• neurons
• supporting or glial cells

Question 22

What do neurons have? What is its function?

Answer 22

• cell body, dendrites, axon
• conducts electrical signals

Question 23

What do cell bodies have? What is its function?

Answer 23

• nucleus
• metabolic center

Question 24

What are dendrites and their function?

Answer 24

• branches from cell body
• receive inputs form other neurons

Question 25

What are axons and their function?

Answer 25

single, long extension off cell body
- conducts nerve impulses to other cells

Question 26

What is the function of supporting/glial cells?

Answer 26

provide physical and functional support for neurons

Question 27

What are epithelial tissue? What are the 3 shapes?

Answer 27

• lines body surfaces
• consists of cells that form membranes and glands
• squamous: flat
• columnar: taller
• cuboidal: cube-shaped

Question 28

How are epithelial tissues classified by layers? What are their functions?

Answer 28

Simple: thin and for transport
Stratified: lots of layers and for protection

Question 29

What’s the difference between non-keratinized and keratinized cells?

Answer 29

non-keratinized: living cells
keratinized: outer layer of dead cells
- cells have water-resistant keratin

Question 30

What are epithelial tissues joined and separated by? What’s the function?

Answer 30

junctional complexes
- increases strength and create barrier
- separated from underlying tissue by basement membrane

Question 31

What are exocrine glands? What do they do?

Answer 31

glands that secrete things to the outside of the body
- derived from epithelial cells
- simple tubes or clusters called acini

Question 32

What is connective tissue? What does it include?

Answer 32

lots of extracellular material in the space between cells
- connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood

Question 33

What does loose connective tissue have? Give an example.

Answer 33

collagen and tissue fluid
- dermis of skin

Question 34

What does dense regular connective tissue have?

Answer 34

LOTS of fibers with collagen
- regularly arranged as tendons
- irregularly arranged as capsules or sheaths

Question 35

What is adipose tissue?

Answer 35

fat
- fat synthesis, breakdown, storage

Question 36

What is cartilage and its function?

Answer 36

chondrocytes and elastic extracellular material
- support, protection
- precursor for bone
- articular surfaces for joints

Question 37

What is bone tissue?

Answer 37

concentric layers of calcified material

Question 38

What are the 3 cell types of bone and their functions?

Answer 38

• osteoblasts: bone-forming
• osteocyte: inactive osteoblasts
• osteoclasts: bone-resorbing cell

Question 39

What is the largest organ? What are the layers and their function?

Answer 39

skin
- epidermis: protection
- dermis: connective tissue, glands, blood vessels, nerves
- hypodermis: fat

Question 40

What are stem cells?

Answer 40

highly specialized or differentiated
- can be used to repair or heal

Question 41

Where do hair follicle stem cells form?

Answer 41

hair shaft, root sheath, sebaceous glands, epidermis