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Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

basic unit of structure and function in the body

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2
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • surrounds and gives cell form
  • selectively permeable
  • formed by phospholipid bilayer
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3
Q

What is the function of proteins in the plasma membrane?

A
  • provide structural support
  • serve as transporters, enzymes, receptors and identity markers
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4
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids
- impact negative charge to surface
- can serve as cell surface markers (antigens)

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5
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

how cells move large molecules and particles across the plasma membrane
- phagocytosis
- endocytosis
- pinocytosis (nonspecific)
- exocytosis to export products

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6
Q

What are cilia for?

A

movement

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7
Q

What are flagella for?

A

movement

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8
Q

What are microvilli for?

A

absorption and membrane transport
- increases surface area

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9
Q

Where are cilia located? What does it look like?

A

surface of epithelial cells
- hair-like structures that beat in unison
- contains microtubules

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

jellylike matrix
- cytosol + organelles

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11
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm
- gives cell its shape and structure

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12
Q

What are lysosomes and their function?

A

vesicle-like organelles containing digestive enzymes
- recycles cell components
- programmed cell death

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13
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

detoxification in liver

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14
Q

What is the function of mitochondrias?

A

energy producers

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15
Q

What are the functions of ribosomes?

A

protein factories
- 2 rRNA subunits

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16
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • synthesis or degradation of molecules
  • rough: protein synthesis
  • smooth: steroid synthesis and inactivation
17
Q

What is the function of the golgi complex?

A

vesicles enter from ER, contents are modified, and then they leaves
- lysosomes and secretory vesicles are formed in the golgi

18
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains cell’s DNA
- enclosed by nuclear envelope

19
Q

What do nuclear pore complexes do?

A

fuse inner and outer membranes together
- small molecules can diffuse through pores
- proteins, RNA are actively transported

20
Q

What does genome mean?

A

all genes in an individual or of a species

21
Q

What is proteome?

A

all proteins produced by a genome

22
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

23
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA -> RNA
- occurs in the nucleus and never in the cytoplasm

24
Q

What is a gene?

A

sequence of nucleotides that is chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein

25
Q

What is translation?

A

RNA -> protein
- occurs in cytoplasm and never in the nucleoplasm
- linear sequence of mRNA determines linear sequence of nucleotides linear sequence of amino acids make up a protein

26
Q

What are nucleoli?

A

dark areas in a nucleus containing genes actively making rRNA

27
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and its associated proteins (histones)

28
Q

What are histones?

A

positively charged and form spools around negatively charged DNA strands
- histone + DNA = nucleosome

29
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

binds to a “start” sequence on DNA and unzips strands

30
Q

What are promotor regions for?

A

regulates levels of transcription

31
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

bind to promoter sequence to initiate transcription

32
Q

What base pairs are complementary to each other?

A

G pairs with C
A pairs with U

33
Q

What 4 types of RNA does transcription produce? What are their functions?

A
  • pre-mRNA: changes in nucleus to form mRNA
  • mRNA: contains code for synthesis of a protein
  • tRNA: decodes info contained in mRNA
  • rRNA: forms part of ribosomes
34
Q

How does pre-mRNA work?

A

introns: non-coding regions
Exons: coding regions
- introns are removed and ends of exons spliced together to produce mRNA

35
Q

How does DNA replication work?

A

1) Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds to produce 2 free strands of DNA.
2) DNA polymerase binds to each strand and makes new complementary copy of old strand
3) Each copy is composed of 1 new strand and 1 old strand (semiconservative replication)

36
Q

What phase do most cells exist in?

A

interphase

37
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

G1 - cell performs normal physiological roles
S - DNA is replicated in preparation for division
G2 - chromatin condenses prior to division

38
Q

What is mitosis?

A

cell division
- chromosomes are condensed and duplicated (2 duplicate strands [chromatids] + connection [centromere])

39
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase: chromosomes are visible
Metaphase: chromosomes line up single file along equator by spindle fibers
Anaphase: centromeres split towards opposite poles
Telophase: cytoplasm is divided producing 2 daughter cells

Physiology (18 decks)

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