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Physiology > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is diversity?

A

genes from 2 individuals are combined in random ways to produce a new individual

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2
Q

Why is diversity important?

A

allows for genetic variation and adaptability to a changing environment

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3
Q

How does a new individual progress?

A

zygote to embryo to fetus

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4
Q

What happens to germ cells during meiosis?

A

gametes (sperm and ova) in gonads via meiosis

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5
Q

When do testes stop making testosterone?

A

third trimester

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6
Q

When does sex hormone secretion occur?

A

not until the gonads are stimulated at puberty
- anterior pituitary releases gonadotropic hormones

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7
Q

What effect does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) have on people?

A

1) stimulation of spermatogenesis or oogenesis
2) stimulation of gonadal hormone secretion
3) maintenance of the structure of the gonads

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8
Q

What are the 2 components of the testes?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • interstitial tissue
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9
Q

What is in the seminiferous tubules? What happens here?

A

FSH receptors here on sertoli cells
- influences spermatogenesis

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10
Q

What is in the interstitial tissue? What happens here?

A

LH receptors found on Leydig cells
- makes and secretes testosterone
- also filled with blood and lymphatic capillaries

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11
Q

How do spermatids move?

A

seminiferous tubules to rete testis to efferent ductules to epididymis

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the epididymis?

A

site of sperm maturation and storage

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13
Q

Where do spermatozoa move during ejaculation?

A

epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra

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14
Q

What adds fluids to sperm for semen?

A

seminal vesicle and prostate gland

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15
Q

What is in semen besides sperm?

A

seminal fluid (fructose = energy for sperm)
prostate fluid (citric acid, calcium, coagulation proteins)

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16
Q

What is emission?

A

movement of semen into urethra

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17
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

forceful expulsion of semen from urethra

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18
Q

What nervous system controls emission and ejaculation?

A

sympathetic

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19
Q

What organs are involved in ejaculation?

A

contraction of smooth muscles in:
- tubules
- seminal vesicle
- prostate
- muscles at base of penis

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20
Q

What is oligospermia?

A

sperm count of <20 million/mL semen
- less fertile

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21
Q

What are likely causes of oligospermia?

A

heat, drugs, anabolic steroids

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22
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

female gonads
- site of oocyte and sex steroid production

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23
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

fimbriae that wrap around ovaries and catch the oocyte after ovulation
- most common site of fertilization

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24
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

site of embryonic development

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25
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A
  • endometrium: inner layer (where embryo implants and develops)
  • myometrium: middle muscle layer, contracts to expel baby at birth
  • perimetrium: outer connect tissue layer
  • cervix: narrow bottom region of uterus
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26
Q

What happens to females at the end of gestation?

A

oogonia begins meiosis to produce primary oocytes

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27
Q

How does the number of oocytes decrease as life goes on?

A

Newborn girl: 2 million oocytes
Puberty: 400k
- only 400 are ovulated

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28
Q

Where are the primary oocytes stored?

A

primary follicles

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29
Q

What happens to the primary follicles in response to FSH?

A

they grow to produce many layers of granulosa cells
- also secondary follicles

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30
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

graafian follicle (ovum before ovulation) is so big it bulges out of the ovary
- hormones stimulate the follicle to burst and release the secondary oocyte
- if it’s not fertilized, the oocyte will degenerate after a few days

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31
Q

What happens after ovulation?

A

remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum
- secretes both estrogen and progesterone

32
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 day cycle of endometrial buildup and sloughing in response to ovarian hormones
- changes in endometrium follow changes in the follicles of the ovaries

33
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstrual
proliferative
secretory

34
Q

What happens in terms of hormones with contraception?

A
  • synthetic estrogen and progesterone
  • decrease in FSH and LH (negative feedback)
  • no LH surge = no ovulation
  • reduces cervical mucus (sperm needs this to survive)
  • prevents implantation on endometrium
35
Q

What are some side effects of contraception?

A
  • higher risk of breast and cervical cancer
  • higher weight gain
  • higher depression
  • higher stroke and heart attack risk
  • higher suicide risk
36
Q

What is the benefit of FABM?

A
  • no medical side effects
  • comparable to other contraceptive success rates
37
Q

How does FABM work?

A

fertility awareness-based methods
- uses actual data
- mucus observations
- temperature readings
- hormone levels in urine for real time observations
- fertile window (8-19 days)

38
Q

What are examples of extrinsic regulation of GnRH?

A
  • pheromones can synchronize the menstrual cycle (olfactory system has input on GnRH neurons)
  • stress and emotions can affect menstrual cycle
  • low body fat can produce delayed menarche (amenorrhea)
    = controlled by leptin
39
Q

What happens during implantation?

A

blastocyst releases chorionic gonadotropin
- acts like LH to keep corpus luteum alive to continue releasing estrogen and progesterone
- keeps endometrium thick and vascular to house the blastocyst

40
Q

What does the fetal part of the blastocyst become?

A
  • endoderm: gut organs
  • ectoderm: becomes skin and nervous system
  • mesoderm develops later and will become the muscles, bones, connective tissues
41
Q

How does the placenta get nutrients?

A
  • umbilical arteries deliver fetal blood to placental vessels
  • blood circulates within placenta and returns to the fetus through umbilical vein
  • maternal blood is delivered to and from placenta
    maternal and fetal blood don’t mix
  • molecules diffuse across tissues of the placenta for exchange
  • oxygen and nutrients diffuse from maternal to fetal blood
  • CO2 and wastes diffuse from fetal to maternal blood
  • placenta degrades maternal molecules that may harm fetus
42
Q

What immunities are passed to the baby through breast feeding?

A
  • IgG antibodies are passed from mother to child in utero
  • IgA antibodies are passed to the child in breast milk
    = provides passive immunity
43
Q

How is the placenta formed?

A

After implantation
- from trophoblast layer of cells in the blastocyst and from maternal cells in the uterus

44
Q

What is the developed placenta made of?

A

large mass of blood vessels from mother and fetus

45
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at day 23 (3 weeks pregnant)?

A

heart is beating and pumping

46
Q

What is a key feature of a fetus at day 30-55 (4-8 weeks pregnant)?

A

growing rapidly

47
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 5 weeks?

A

reflexive movement begins

48
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 6 weeks?

A
  • brainwave activity has begun
  • hands begin to move
  • every structure that is present in an adult is also present in the baby
49
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 7 weeks?

A
  • head rotates and leg moves
  • baby can hiccup
  • fetal heart EKG patten is similar to an adult
50
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 8 weeks?

A
  • urine production and release begins
  • joints are similar to those of an adult
  • right and left handedness emerges
51
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 9 weeks?

A
  • baby can grab objects, open and close jaw, move tongue, sigh, stretch
  • nerve receptors are functioning in face, palms of hand and soles of feet can sense light touch
  • reproductive organs form
  • retina of eye present
52
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 10 weeks?

A
  • bone formation in most bones starts
  • finger and toe nails grow
  • unique fingerprints
  • eyes roll down reflexively
53
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 11 weeks?

A
  • complex facial expressions begin
  • intestines absorb water and glucose
  • baby inhales and exhales amniotic fluid
54
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 12 weeks?

A
  • bile production begins in liver
  • bowel movements begin
  • taste buds all over tongue
  • pancreas completely formed
  • thyroid completely formed
55
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 14 weeks?

A
  • sensitive to touch
  • touch to mouth causes baby to turn away
56
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 15 weeks?

A
  • glucagon is present in bloodstream
  • females have primary follicles containing oocytes in ovaries
57
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 16 weeks?

A
  • mother can begin to feel baby move
  • baby has hormonal stress response to invasive procedures
58
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 17 weeks?

A
  • cerebral cortex is active
  • meconium (product of cell loss, digestive secretion, swallowed amniotic fluid) accumulates in the bowel
  • brown fat production allows baby to produce heat
59
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 19 weeks?

A
  • oogonia production stops permanently
  • daily biological rhythms like sleep begin
60
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 20 weeks?

A
  • baby responds to increased range of sounds
  • baby can feel pain
  • surfactant production may begin
61
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 21 weeks?

A
  • has a better than 50% chance of survival
62
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 23 weeks?

A
  • brain has major growth spurt increasing size by 400-500%
  • daily movement helps work out developing muscles
63
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 24 weeks?

A
  • baby can hear sounds outside the womb
  • baby will have a blink-startle response to a loud sound increasing heart rate and movement
  • gas exchange now possible outside of womb
64
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 25 weeks?

A
  • baby can taste
    = if mother eats sweets, baby will swallow faster
65
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 26 weeks?

A

eyes produce tears
- sense of smell present

66
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 27 weeks?

A

pupils react to light

67
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 28 weeks?

A
  • baby can differentiate between high and low frequency sounds from outside the womb
  • bone marrow takes over production of red blood cells from liver
  • baby can do somersaults by a series of movements similar to walking
68
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 29 weeks?

A

eyes can move around and all senses are functioning

69
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 30 weeks?

A
  • breathing motions continue to be more common, even with no air in the womb
  • infants born at this time can survive without lifesaving treatment
70
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 31 weeks?

A
  • baby can have dreams
71
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 32 weeks?

A

baby’s memory begins working
- prefers sounds heard in the later part of pregnancy to ones heard only after birth

72
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 35 weeks?

A
  • baby has firm grasp
  • lung development ready for birth
73
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 37 weeks?

A
  • baby drinks 15oz amniotic fluid each day
  • baby is more coordinated
  • pregnancy is full-term and doctor won’t stop labor
74
Q

What is a key feature of the fetus at 38 weeks?

A

14-20 inches and 6-10 pounds

75
Q

What happens at first breath?

A
  • amniotic sac breaks
  • labor contractions in uterus
  • mother pushes baby out
  • after umbilical cord is cut, baby increases its carbon dioxide content in baby’s blood
  • stimulates baby’s brain to trigger breathing and baby takes first breath

Physiology (18 decks)

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