Chapter 5 Flashcards
Aorta
largest artery in the body that receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
Coronary arteries
first arteries to branch off from the ascending aorta
encircles the heart and brings oxygenated blood to all parts of the myocardium
Carotid arteries
brings oxygenated blood to the neck, face, head, and brain
person loses consciousness if carotid artery is blocked
Pulmonary arteries
brings deoxygenated blood the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
ONLY artery that carries deoxygenated blood
Subclavian arteries
bring oxygenated blood the shoulders
goes underneath the clavicle (subCLAVian) and becomes the axillary artery
Axillary arteries
continuation of the subclavian arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the areas under the arms
Brachial arteries
continuation of the axillary arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the upper arms
each artery branches off into the radial and ulnar artery
Radial arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the thumb side of the lower arms
*radius bone
Ulnar arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the little finger side of the lower arms
*ulnar bone
Hepatic arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the liver in the abdominal cavity
Gastric arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the stomach in the abdominal cavity
Renal arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the kidneys behind the abdominal cavity
Iliac arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the hip and groin areas
becomes femoral artery
Femoral arteries
continuation of iliac arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the upper leg
*femur bone
Popliteal arteries
continuation of the femoral arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the knee area
divides into the tibial artery and peroneal artery
Tibial arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the front and back of lower leg
*tibia bone
Peroneal arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the little toe side of the lower leg
Superior vena cava
bring deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, chest, and arms to the right atrium
named after location: superior to heart
*blue
Inferior vena cava
bring deoxygenated blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and legs to the right atrium
named after location: inferior to the heart
*blue
Jugular veins
brings deoxygenated blood from the head and neck to the superior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
only vein that carries oxygenated blood
Portal veins
brings deoxygenated blood form the intestines and liver to the inferior vena cava
Fibular veins
brings deoxygenated blood from the little toe side of the lower leg to the femoral veins
*fibula bone
Saphenous veins
brings deoxygenated blood from the lower legs to the femoral veins
Cardiovascular system
continuous, circular pathway whose structures include the heart and blood vessels
Circulatory system
another name for the cardiovascular system that indicates its function of circulation of blood
Apex
inferior tip of the heart
Heart
organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Myocardium
muscular layer of the heart
Pericardium
double-layered membrane around the heart
Aortic valve
heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
Atrium
each of the two upper chambers of the heart
Chordae tendineae
rope-like stands attached to the valve leaflets of the tricuspid and mitral valves and anchored to the ventricular walls
Endocardium
layer of cells that lines the heart chambers and the heart valves
Mitral valve
heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
aka bicuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
heart valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
Septum
central wall that divides the heart into right and left sides
Tricuspid valve
heart valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
Valve
structure that opens and closes to control the flow of blood through the heart or the veins
Ventricle
each of the two large, lower chambers of the heart
Cardiothoracic
pertaining to the heart and thoracic cavity
Great vessels
large blood vessels within the mediastinum
Mediastinum
central area in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart and parts of the great vessels, as well as the thymus, trachea, and esophagus
Thoracic cavity
body cavity that contains the lungs and the mediastinum
Arteriole
smaller branch of an artery
Artery
blood vessel that brings bright red, oxygenated blood from the heart to the body or to the lungs
pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood
Bifurcation
area where the abdominal aorta ends as it divides into two branches: the right and left iliac arteries
Blood vessels
large and small vascular channels through which the blood flows
includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Capillary
smallest blood vessel in the body
Endothelium
smooth layer that lines the inner wall of a blood vessel
aka intima
Lumen
central opening inside a blood vessel through which blood flows
Pulse
bulging of the wall of an artery located near the surface as blood is pumped by the heart
Vasculature
blood vessels associated with a specific organ
Vasoconstriction
contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of an artery that causes the lumen to decrease in size and the pressure in the artery to increase
Vasodilation
relaxation of smooth muscle in the wall of an artery that causes the lumen to increase in size and the pressure in the artery to decrease
Vein
blood vessel that brings dark red-purple, deoxygenated blood from the body back to heart
Venule
smaller branch of a vein
Cardiopulmonary
pertaining to the heard and lungs
Ductus arteriosus
temporary blood vessel in the fetal heart that connects the left pulmonary arteries to the descending aorta
Foramen ovale
temporary, small, oval opening in the septum between the atria in the fetal heart
Pulmonary circulation
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins going to, within, and coming in the lungs
Systemic circulation
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins everywhere in the body except in the lungs
Atrioventricular (AV) node
small area of tissue in the lower right atrium
Bundle branches
part of the conduction system of the heart that branches out from the bundle of his into right and left segments in the ventricular system
Bundle of His
part of the conduction system of the heart after the AV node
splits into right and left bundle branches
Conduction system
system that carries the electrical impulses that make the heart beat in a regular and coordinated rhythm
Depolarization
movement of positive sodium ions and positive calcium ions into the myocardial cell followed by the release of positive calcium ions stored in the cell
Diastole
resting period between contractions of the heart as the heart again files with blood
Ectopic site
area within the heart that can produce an electrical impulse but is not part of the conduction system
Epinephrine
hormone from the adrenal glands that causes the heart to beat much faster during times of exercise or emergencies
Normal sinus rhythm
rhythm of contractions that occurs when the SA node is in control of the heart rate
Purkinje fibers
network of fibers in the walls of the ventricles that are a continuation of the right and left bundle branches
Refractory preiod
short period of time following repolarization when the myocardial cell cannot respond to an electrical impulse from the SA node
Repolarization
movement of positive potassium ions, sodium ions, and some calcium ions out of the cell; the rest of the calcium ions go back into storage within the cell
Sinoatrial (SA) node
small area of tissue in the posterior wall of the upper right atrium
Systole
contraction of the atria and the ventricles
Acute coronary syndrome
condition if the flow of oxygenated blood through a coronary artery to the myocardium is blocked by a blood clot or atherosclerosis
Angina pectoris
chest pain
Angina
pain that is a crushing, squeezing, heaviness, or pressure like sensation in the chest, with pain that sometimes extends to the jaw, teeth, neck, back, or down the left arm
Cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
Cardiomyopathy
condition of the heart muscle that includes cardiomegaly and heart failure
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood
Endocarditis
bacterial infection and inflammation of the endocardium lining of a heart valve
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
structural abnormality in which the leaflets of the mitral valve do not close tightly
Murmur
abnormal heart sound created by turbulence as blood leaks through a defective heart valve
Myocardial infarction (MI)
death of myocardial cells due to a severe lack of oxygenated blood to the myocardium
aka heart attack
Pericarditis
infection or inflammation of the pericardial sac that causes a buildup of pericardial fluid
Rheumatic heart disease
autoimmune response to a bacterial streptococcal infection, such as strep throat
Atrial septal defect
opening in the interatrial septum that allows abnormal circulation of blood
Coarctation of the aorta
aorta is abnormally narrow
Ventricular septal defect
opening in the interventricular septum that allows abnormal circulation of blood
Patent ductus arteriosus
ductus arteriosus fails to close
Patent foramen ovale
foramen ovale fails to close
Aneurysm
area of dilation and weakness in the wall of an artery
Dissecting aneurysm
aneurysm that enlarges by tunneling between the layers of the artery wall
Artiosclerosis
degenerative changes over time produce hardened artery walls
Atherosclerosis
fatty deposits in the walls of the arteries that can restrict the flow of blood
Bruit
harsh, rushing sound made by turbulent blood as it passes through an artery that is narrowed by arteriosclerosis or artherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries
Hyperlipidemia
elevated levels of lipids in the blood
Hypercholesterolemia
elevated level of cholesterol in the blood
Hypertriglyceridemia
elevated level of triglycerides in the blood
Hypertension (HTN)
elevated blood pressure
Hypotension
blood pressure lower than 90/60
Peripheral artery disease
atherosclerosis specifically in arteries in the legs
Peripheral vascular disease
any disease of the blood vessels in the extremeties
Phlebitis
infection of inflammation of a vein
Raynaud disease
causes sudden, severe, vasoconstriction of the arteries in the fingers and toes
Varicose veins
damaged valves in a vein allow blood to flow backward and collect in the preceding section of vein
Arrhythmia
any type of irregular rate or rhythm of the heart
Bradycardia
arrhythmia in which the heart beats too slowly
Fibrillation
arrhythmia in which there is a very fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium
Flutter
arrhythmia in which there is a very fast but regular rhythm of the atria or ventricles
Heart block
arrhythmia in which electrical impulses from the SA node do not travel normally to the Purkinje fibers
Premature contraction
arrhythmia in which there are one or more extra contractions in between systole and diastole
Sick sinus syndrome
arrhythmia in which bradycardia alternates with tachycardia
Tachycardia
arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm
Asystole
complete absence of a heartbeat
aka cardiac arrest
Paplitation
uncomfortable sensation felt in the chest during a premature contraction of the heart
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