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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aorta

A

largest artery in the body that receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle

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2
Q

Coronary arteries

A

first arteries to branch off from the ascending aorta

encircles the heart and brings oxygenated blood to all parts of the myocardium

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3
Q

Carotid arteries

A

brings oxygenated blood to the neck, face, head, and brain

person loses consciousness if carotid artery is blocked

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4
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

brings deoxygenated blood the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

ONLY artery that carries deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

Subclavian arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood the shoulders

goes underneath the clavicle (subCLAVian) and becomes the axillary artery

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6
Q

Axillary arteries

A

continuation of the subclavian arteries

bring oxygenated blood to the areas under the arms

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7
Q

Brachial arteries

A

continuation of the axillary arteries

bring oxygenated blood to the upper arms

each artery branches off into the radial and ulnar artery

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8
Q

Radial arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood to the thumb side of the lower arms

*radius bone

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9
Q

Ulnar arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood to the little finger side of the lower arms

*ulnar bone

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10
Q

Hepatic arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood to the liver in the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Gastric arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood to the stomach in the abdominal cavity

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12
Q

Renal arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood to the kidneys behind the abdominal cavity

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13
Q

Iliac arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood to the hip and groin areas

becomes femoral artery

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14
Q

Femoral arteries

A

continuation of iliac arteries

bring oxygenated blood to the upper leg

*femur bone

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15
Q

Popliteal arteries

A

continuation of the femoral arteries

bring oxygenated blood to the knee area

divides into the tibial artery and peroneal artery

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16
Q

Tibial arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood to the front and back of lower leg

*tibia bone

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17
Q

Peroneal arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood to the little toe side of the lower leg

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18
Q

Superior vena cava

A

bring deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, chest, and arms to the right atrium

named after location: superior to heart
*blue

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19
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

bring deoxygenated blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and legs to the right atrium

named after location: inferior to the heart
*blue

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20
Q

Jugular veins

A

brings deoxygenated blood from the head and neck to the superior vena cava

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21
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

only vein that carries oxygenated blood

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22
Q

Portal veins

A

brings deoxygenated blood form the intestines and liver to the inferior vena cava

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23
Q

Fibular veins

A

brings deoxygenated blood from the little toe side of the lower leg to the femoral veins

*fibula bone

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24
Q

Saphenous veins

A

brings deoxygenated blood from the lower legs to the femoral veins

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25
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

continuous, circular pathway whose structures include the heart and blood vessels

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26
Q

Circulatory system

A

another name for the cardiovascular system that indicates its function of circulation of blood

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27
Q

Apex

A

inferior tip of the heart

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28
Q

Heart

A

organ that pumps blood throughout the body

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29
Q

Myocardium

A

muscular layer of the heart

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30
Q

Pericardium

A

double-layered membrane around the heart

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31
Q

Aortic valve

A

heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

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32
Q

Atrium

A

each of the two upper chambers of the heart

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33
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

rope-like stands attached to the valve leaflets of the tricuspid and mitral valves and anchored to the ventricular walls

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34
Q

Endocardium

A

layer of cells that lines the heart chambers and the heart valves

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35
Q

Mitral valve

A

heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

aka bicuspid valve

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36
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

heart valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries

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37
Q

Septum

A

central wall that divides the heart into right and left sides

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38
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

heart valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

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39
Q

Valve

A

structure that opens and closes to control the flow of blood through the heart or the veins

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40
Q

Ventricle

A

each of the two large, lower chambers of the heart

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41
Q

Cardiothoracic

A

pertaining to the heart and thoracic cavity

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42
Q

Great vessels

A

large blood vessels within the mediastinum

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43
Q

Mediastinum

A

central area in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart and parts of the great vessels, as well as the thymus, trachea, and esophagus

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44
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

body cavity that contains the lungs and the mediastinum

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45
Q

Arteriole

A

smaller branch of an artery

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46
Q

Artery

A

blood vessel that brings bright red, oxygenated blood from the heart to the body or to the lungs

pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood

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47
Q

Bifurcation

A

area where the abdominal aorta ends as it divides into two branches: the right and left iliac arteries

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48
Q

Blood vessels

A

large and small vascular channels through which the blood flows

includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

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49
Q

Capillary

A

smallest blood vessel in the body

50
Q

Endothelium

A

smooth layer that lines the inner wall of a blood vessel

aka intima

51
Q

Lumen

A

central opening inside a blood vessel through which blood flows

52
Q

Pulse

A

bulging of the wall of an artery located near the surface as blood is pumped by the heart

53
Q

Vasculature

A

blood vessels associated with a specific organ

54
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of an artery that causes the lumen to decrease in size and the pressure in the artery to increase

55
Q

Vasodilation

A

relaxation of smooth muscle in the wall of an artery that causes the lumen to increase in size and the pressure in the artery to decrease

56
Q

Vein

A

blood vessel that brings dark red-purple, deoxygenated blood from the body back to heart

57
Q

Venule

A

smaller branch of a vein

58
Q

Cardiopulmonary

A

pertaining to the heard and lungs

59
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

temporary blood vessel in the fetal heart that connects the left pulmonary arteries to the descending aorta

60
Q

Foramen ovale

A

temporary, small, oval opening in the septum between the atria in the fetal heart

61
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins going to, within, and coming in the lungs

62
Q

Systemic circulation

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins everywhere in the body except in the lungs

63
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

small area of tissue in the lower right atrium

64
Q

Bundle branches

A

part of the conduction system of the heart that branches out from the bundle of his into right and left segments in the ventricular system

65
Q

Bundle of His

A

part of the conduction system of the heart after the AV node

splits into right and left bundle branches

66
Q

Conduction system

A

system that carries the electrical impulses that make the heart beat in a regular and coordinated rhythm

67
Q

Depolarization

A

movement of positive sodium ions and positive calcium ions into the myocardial cell followed by the release of positive calcium ions stored in the cell

68
Q

Diastole

A

resting period between contractions of the heart as the heart again files with blood

69
Q

Ectopic site

A

area within the heart that can produce an electrical impulse but is not part of the conduction system

70
Q

Epinephrine

A

hormone from the adrenal glands that causes the heart to beat much faster during times of exercise or emergencies

71
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A

rhythm of contractions that occurs when the SA node is in control of the heart rate

72
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

network of fibers in the walls of the ventricles that are a continuation of the right and left bundle branches

73
Q

Refractory preiod

A

short period of time following repolarization when the myocardial cell cannot respond to an electrical impulse from the SA node

74
Q

Repolarization

A

movement of positive potassium ions, sodium ions, and some calcium ions out of the cell; the rest of the calcium ions go back into storage within the cell

75
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

small area of tissue in the posterior wall of the upper right atrium

76
Q

Systole

A

contraction of the atria and the ventricles

77
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

condition if the flow of oxygenated blood through a coronary artery to the myocardium is blocked by a blood clot or atherosclerosis

78
Q

Angina pectoris

A

chest pain

79
Q

Angina

A

pain that is a crushing, squeezing, heaviness, or pressure like sensation in the chest, with pain that sometimes extends to the jaw, teeth, neck, back, or down the left arm

80
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

81
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

condition of the heart muscle that includes cardiomegaly and heart failure

82
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood

83
Q

Endocarditis

A

bacterial infection and inflammation of the endocardium lining of a heart valve

84
Q

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

structural abnormality in which the leaflets of the mitral valve do not close tightly

85
Q

Murmur

A

abnormal heart sound created by turbulence as blood leaks through a defective heart valve

86
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

death of myocardial cells due to a severe lack of oxygenated blood to the myocardium

aka heart attack

87
Q

Pericarditis

A

infection or inflammation of the pericardial sac that causes a buildup of pericardial fluid

88
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

autoimmune response to a bacterial streptococcal infection, such as strep throat

89
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

opening in the interatrial septum that allows abnormal circulation of blood

90
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

aorta is abnormally narrow

91
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

opening in the interventricular septum that allows abnormal circulation of blood

92
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

ductus arteriosus fails to close

93
Q

Patent foramen ovale

A

foramen ovale fails to close

94
Q

Aneurysm

A

area of dilation and weakness in the wall of an artery

95
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

aneurysm that enlarges by tunneling between the layers of the artery wall

96
Q

Artiosclerosis

A

degenerative changes over time produce hardened artery walls

97
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

fatty deposits in the walls of the arteries that can restrict the flow of blood

98
Q

Bruit

A

harsh, rushing sound made by turbulent blood as it passes through an artery that is narrowed by arteriosclerosis or artherosclerosis

99
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries

100
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

elevated levels of lipids in the blood

101
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

elevated level of cholesterol in the blood

102
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia

A

elevated level of triglycerides in the blood

103
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

elevated blood pressure

104
Q

Hypotension

A

blood pressure lower than 90/60

105
Q

Peripheral artery disease

A

atherosclerosis specifically in arteries in the legs

106
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

any disease of the blood vessels in the extremeties

107
Q

Phlebitis

A

infection of inflammation of a vein

108
Q

Raynaud disease

A

causes sudden, severe, vasoconstriction of the arteries in the fingers and toes

109
Q

Varicose veins

A

damaged valves in a vein allow blood to flow backward and collect in the preceding section of vein

110
Q

Arrhythmia

A

any type of irregular rate or rhythm of the heart

111
Q

Bradycardia

A

arrhythmia in which the heart beats too slowly

112
Q

Fibrillation

A

arrhythmia in which there is a very fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium

113
Q

Flutter

A

arrhythmia in which there is a very fast but regular rhythm of the atria or ventricles

114
Q

Heart block

A

arrhythmia in which electrical impulses from the SA node do not travel normally to the Purkinje fibers

115
Q

Premature contraction

A

arrhythmia in which there are one or more extra contractions in between systole and diastole

116
Q

Sick sinus syndrome

A

arrhythmia in which bradycardia alternates with tachycardia

117
Q

Tachycardia

A

arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm

118
Q

Asystole

A

complete absence of a heartbeat

aka cardiac arrest

119
Q

Paplitation

A

uncomfortable sensation felt in the chest during a premature contraction of the heart

120
Q

left on page 29

A

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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