Chapter 3 Flashcards
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Elongated body system that begins at the mouth, continues through the thoracic cavity, fills much of the abdominopelvic cavity, and end on the surface of the lower body
Aka gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal
Digestive system or digestive tract
Larynx
Structure below the pharynx
Lid like structure so food enters the esophagus and not the trachea
Mucosa
Mucous membrane that produces thin mucus
Lines the oral cavity and the entire GI system
Oral cavity
Mouth. Contains teeth, gums, tongue, hard palate and soft palate
Palate
Hard palate (bone) and soft palate (posterior soft tissue) form the roof of the oral cavity
Pharynx
Throat. Passageway for food and air
Salivary glands
Three pairs of gland (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular) on either sides of the head that release saliva into the mouth
Tongue
Large muscle that fills the oral cavity and assista with eating and talking
Cardia
First part of the stomach where the stomach joins the esophagus l
Chyme
Semisolid mixture of food, saliva, and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine
Esophagus
Flexible tube approximately 10in in length that connects the pharynx to the stomach
Fundus
Rounded top part of the stomach
Lower esophageal sphincter
Muscular ring at the distal end of the esophagus
Keeps chyme in the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus
Pyloric sphincter
muscular ring at the end of the stomach
closes to keep chyme in the stomach or opens to let chyme flow into the duodenum
Pylorus
narrowed, last part of the stomach where it joins the duodenum
contains the pyloric sphincter
Rugae
thick, deep folds in the gastric mucosa that expand to accommodate a large amount of swallowed food
“rugae make stomach go big”
Stomach
large, elongated sac in the upper abdominal cavity
regions: cardia. fundus, body, and pylorus
Anus
external opening of the rectum
Appendix
long, thin pouch on the exterior wall of the cecum
Cecum
short sac that is the first part of the large intestine
Colon
second and longest part of the large intestine
includes: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending color, sigmoid colon
Duodenum
10in, c-shaped, first part of the small intestine
Ileum
third and final part of the small intestine
Jejunum
second part of the small intestine
Haustra
puckered pouches in the intestinal wall that expand to receive large amounts of waste materials
Large intestine
large, tubular structure in the abdominopelvic cavity
Lumen
central, open area inside a tubular structure such as the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine
Rectum
short, straight segment that is the last part of the large intestine
Small intestine
long, tubular structure in the abdominopelvic cavity
Villi
thousands of microscopic, thin structures in the mucosa that project into the lumen of the small intestine
Abdominopelvic cavity
continuous cavity within the abdomen and pelvis
lined with peritoneum
Bile
thick, yellow-green digestive enzyme produced by the liver; it flows through the bile ducts and is stored in the gallbladder
Bile ducts
bile from the liver flows through the common hepatic duct into the common bile duct (CBD)
Gallbladder
accessory organ of the GI system
dark green, tear drop shaped sac posterior to the liver
stores and concentrates bile
Liver
accessory organ of the GI system
large, dark red-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdominal cavity
contains hepatocytes that produce bile
Mesentery
thick, fan-shaped sheet of peritoneum that supports loops of the jejunum and ileum
Omentum
broad, fatty covering of peritoneum that supports the stomach and protects the small intestine
Pancreas
accessory organ of the GI system
yellow, elongated, triangular organ posterior to the stomach
secretes amylase, lipase, and protein-digesting enzymes through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum
also a gland of the endocrine system
Peritoneum
double-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds the GI organs
secretes peritoneal fluid
Absorption
process by which water and fluids in the oral cavity move into the blood that is in blood vessels under the tongue
majority of absorption of food nutrients and water takes place in the ileum
Amylase
digestive enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the oral cavity
also secreted by the pancreas and it further breaks down complex sugar molecules into glucose
Chemical digestion
digestive process that involves digestive enzymes, acids, and other substances to chemically break down food
Cholecystokinin
hormone produced by the duodenum when it receives fatty chyme from the stomach
stimulates the gall bladder to release bile, and it also stimulates the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes into the duodenum
Defecation
process by which undigested food fibers, waste materials, and water are eliminated from the body as a bowel movement or feces or stool
Deglutition
process of swallowing food particles and moving them into the pharynx
Digestion
process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be used by the body
Elimination
process in which food fibers, waste materials, and water are eliminated from the body in a solid form
aka defecation poop :)
Enyzmes
substances that speed up chemical reactions
Gastrin
hormone produced by the stomach
stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid pepsinogen
Glucose
simple sugar that is the only source of energy that body cells can use
Hydrochloric acid
strong acid produced by the stomach
breaks down food fibers and converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Intrinsic factor
substance produced by the stomach
helps the stomach absorb vitamin B12
Lactase
digestive enzyme produced by the small intestine
breaks down complex sugar molecules and the sugar in milk to the simple sugar glucose
Lipase
digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas
breaks down small fat globules into fatty acids
Mastication
teeth tear, chew, and grind food in the oral cavity
tongue moves food particles and mixes them with saliva
Mechanical digestion
digestive process that involves some type of physical force and movement
includes mastication, deglutition, and peristalsis
Pepsin
digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks down protein foods
Pepsinogen
inactive substance produced by the stomach
converted by hydrochloric acid to the digestive enzyme pepsin
Peristalsis
coordinated waves of smooth muscle contractions of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines
moves food particles, chyme, waste materials, and water through the GI system
Anorexia
decreased appetite because of a disease or GI side effect of a drug
Dysphagia
painful eating or difficulty swallowing
can be caused by an infection of the mouth, poorly fitting dentures, or radiation therapy to the mouth for cancer
Polyphagia
excessive overeating due to an overactive thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, or a psychiatric illness
Glossitis
infection or inflammation of the tongue
Sialolithiasis
a stone (sialolith) forms in the salivary gland and becomes lodged in the duct, blocking the flow of saliva
Stomatitis
inflammation of the mucosa in the oral cavity
caused by poorly fitting dentures or by an infection
Dyspepsia
mild, temporary epigastric pain, sometimes with gas or nausea
aka indigestion
Esophageal varix
swollen, protruding vein in the mucosa of the esophagus
liver disease causes blood to back up in the large vein from the intestines to the liver, so the blood takes an alternate route through smaller veins in the esophagus, but eventually these veins become engorged
Gastritis
acute or chronic of inflammation of the stomach due to a bacterial infection, spicy foods, alcohol, or excess acid production
Gastroenteritis
acute infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
chronic inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esophagus because the lower esophageal sphincter does not close tightly
Heartburn
temporary, mild inflammation of the esophagus due to reflux of the stomach acid back into the esophagus
aka pyrosis
Hematemesis
vomiting (emesis) of blood caused by bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
Nausea and vomiting (N&V)
nausea is an unpleasant , queasy feeling in the stomach
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa with the formation of an ulcer
ex: esophageal ulcer, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer
Stomach cancer
cancerous tumor of the stomach that begins in glands in the gastric mucosa
Ileus
absence of normal peristalsis in the small and large intestines
Intussusception
telescoping of one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next segment
Volvulus
twisting of the intestine around itself
Appendicitis
infection and inflammation of the appendix as waste materials become trapped in the lumen of the appendix
Colon cancer
cancerous tumor of the colon
Diverticulum
weakness in the wall of the colon where the mucosa forms an abnormal pouch or tube-shaped sac that opens into the lumen of the colon
Gluten sensitivity enteropathy
autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to the gluten found in certain grains
Inflammatory bowel disease (BD)
chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
disorder of the function of the colon, although the mucosa of the colon never shows any visible signs of inflammation
Polyposis
condition of numerous polyps
Hemorrhoids
swollen, protruding veins in the rectum
Proctitis
inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy done to treat cancer
Rectocele
the wall of the rectum protrudes into the adjacent vaginal wall, causing it to collapse inwardly and block the vaginal canal
Constipation
failure to have regular, soft bowel movements
Diarrhea
abnormally frequent, loose, and sometimes watery feces
Flatulence
presence of excessive amounts of flatus (gas) in the stomach or intestines
Hematochezia
blood in the feces
Steatorrhea
greasy, frothy, foul-smelling feces that contain undigested fats
Hernia
defect and weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or the abdominal wall
Peritonitis
infection and inflammation of the peritoneum
Ascites
accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity
Cirrhosis
chronic, progressive inflammation and finally irreversible degeneration of the liver, with enlargement
Hepatitis
infection and inflammation of the liver from the hepatitis virus
Hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver due to cirrhosis, hepatitis, or cancer
Jaundice
yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes
Liver cancer
cancerous tumor of the liver
Gallbladder cancer
cancerous tumor in the ducts of the gallbladder
aka cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the bile ducts because of cirrhosis or gallstones
Cholecystitis
acute cholecystitis occurs when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
Pancreatic cancer
cancerous tumor of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
infection or inflammation of the pancreas
Albumin
blood test for albumin, the major protein molecule in the blood
CLO test
gastric mucosa rapid screening test to detect the presence of the bacterium helicobacter pylori
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
fecal test in which a sample of the patients feces is swabbed onto a culture dish that contains a nutrient medium for growing bacteria
