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Medical Terminology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

Elongated body system that begins at the mouth, continues through the thoracic cavity, fills much of the abdominopelvic cavity, and end on the surface of the lower body

Aka gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal

Digestive system or digestive tract

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2
Q

Larynx

A

Structure below the pharynx

Lid like structure so food enters the esophagus and not the trachea

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3
Q

Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane that produces thin mucus

Lines the oral cavity and the entire GI system

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4
Q

Oral cavity

A

Mouth. Contains teeth, gums, tongue, hard palate and soft palate

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5
Q

Palate

A

Hard palate (bone) and soft palate (posterior soft tissue) form the roof of the oral cavity

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6
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat. Passageway for food and air

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7
Q

Salivary glands

A

Three pairs of gland (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular) on either sides of the head that release saliva into the mouth

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8
Q

Tongue

A

Large muscle that fills the oral cavity and assista with eating and talking

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9
Q

Cardia

A

First part of the stomach where the stomach joins the esophagus l

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10
Q

Chyme

A

Semisolid mixture of food, saliva, and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine

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11
Q

Esophagus

A

Flexible tube approximately 10in in length that connects the pharynx to the stomach

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12
Q

Fundus

A

Rounded top part of the stomach

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13
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Muscular ring at the distal end of the esophagus

Keeps chyme in the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus

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14
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

muscular ring at the end of the stomach

closes to keep chyme in the stomach or opens to let chyme flow into the duodenum

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15
Q

Pylorus

A

narrowed, last part of the stomach where it joins the duodenum

contains the pyloric sphincter

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16
Q

Rugae

A

thick, deep folds in the gastric mucosa that expand to accommodate a large amount of swallowed food

“rugae make stomach go big”

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17
Q

Stomach

A

large, elongated sac in the upper abdominal cavity

regions: cardia. fundus, body, and pylorus

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18
Q

Anus

A

external opening of the rectum

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19
Q

Appendix

A

long, thin pouch on the exterior wall of the cecum

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20
Q

Cecum

A

short sac that is the first part of the large intestine

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21
Q

Colon

A

second and longest part of the large intestine

includes: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending color, sigmoid colon

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22
Q

Duodenum

A

10in, c-shaped, first part of the small intestine

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23
Q

Ileum

A

third and final part of the small intestine

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24
Q

Jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine

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25
Q

Haustra

A

puckered pouches in the intestinal wall that expand to receive large amounts of waste materials

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26
Q

Large intestine

A

large, tubular structure in the abdominopelvic cavity

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27
Q

Lumen

A

central, open area inside a tubular structure such as the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine

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28
Q

Rectum

A

short, straight segment that is the last part of the large intestine

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29
Q

Small intestine

A

long, tubular structure in the abdominopelvic cavity

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30
Q

Villi

A

thousands of microscopic, thin structures in the mucosa that project into the lumen of the small intestine

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31
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

continuous cavity within the abdomen and pelvis

lined with peritoneum

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32
Q

Bile

A

thick, yellow-green digestive enzyme produced by the liver; it flows through the bile ducts and is stored in the gallbladder

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33
Q

Bile ducts

A

bile from the liver flows through the common hepatic duct into the common bile duct (CBD)

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34
Q

Gallbladder

A

accessory organ of the GI system

dark green, tear drop shaped sac posterior to the liver

stores and concentrates bile

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35
Q

Liver

A

accessory organ of the GI system

large, dark red-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdominal cavity

contains hepatocytes that produce bile

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36
Q

Mesentery

A

thick, fan-shaped sheet of peritoneum that supports loops of the jejunum and ileum

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37
Q

Omentum

A

broad, fatty covering of peritoneum that supports the stomach and protects the small intestine

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38
Q

Pancreas

A

accessory organ of the GI system

yellow, elongated, triangular organ posterior to the stomach

secretes amylase, lipase, and protein-digesting enzymes through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum

also a gland of the endocrine system

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39
Q

Peritoneum

A

double-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds the GI organs

secretes peritoneal fluid

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40
Q

Absorption

A

process by which water and fluids in the oral cavity move into the blood that is in blood vessels under the tongue

majority of absorption of food nutrients and water takes place in the ileum

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41
Q

Amylase

A

digestive enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the oral cavity

also secreted by the pancreas and it further breaks down complex sugar molecules into glucose

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42
Q

Chemical digestion

A

digestive process that involves digestive enzymes, acids, and other substances to chemically break down food

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43
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

hormone produced by the duodenum when it receives fatty chyme from the stomach

stimulates the gall bladder to release bile, and it also stimulates the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes into the duodenum

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44
Q

Defecation

A

process by which undigested food fibers, waste materials, and water are eliminated from the body as a bowel movement or feces or stool

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45
Q

Deglutition

A

process of swallowing food particles and moving them into the pharynx

46
Q

Digestion

A

process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be used by the body

47
Q

Elimination

A

process in which food fibers, waste materials, and water are eliminated from the body in a solid form

aka defecation poop :)

48
Q

Enyzmes

A

substances that speed up chemical reactions

49
Q

Gastrin

A

hormone produced by the stomach

stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid pepsinogen

50
Q

Glucose

A

simple sugar that is the only source of energy that body cells can use

51
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

strong acid produced by the stomach

breaks down food fibers and converts pepsinogen to pepsin

52
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

substance produced by the stomach

helps the stomach absorb vitamin B12

53
Q

Lactase

A

digestive enzyme produced by the small intestine

breaks down complex sugar molecules and the sugar in milk to the simple sugar glucose

54
Q

Lipase

A

digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas

breaks down small fat globules into fatty acids

55
Q

Mastication

A

teeth tear, chew, and grind food in the oral cavity

tongue moves food particles and mixes them with saliva

56
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

digestive process that involves some type of physical force and movement

includes mastication, deglutition, and peristalsis

57
Q

Pepsin

A

digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks down protein foods

58
Q

Pepsinogen

A

inactive substance produced by the stomach

converted by hydrochloric acid to the digestive enzyme pepsin

59
Q

Peristalsis

A

coordinated waves of smooth muscle contractions of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines

moves food particles, chyme, waste materials, and water through the GI system

60
Q

Anorexia

A

decreased appetite because of a disease or GI side effect of a drug

61
Q

Dysphagia

A

painful eating or difficulty swallowing

can be caused by an infection of the mouth, poorly fitting dentures, or radiation therapy to the mouth for cancer

62
Q

Polyphagia

A

excessive overeating due to an overactive thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, or a psychiatric illness

63
Q

Glossitis

A

infection or inflammation of the tongue

64
Q

Sialolithiasis

A

a stone (sialolith) forms in the salivary gland and becomes lodged in the duct, blocking the flow of saliva

65
Q

Stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mucosa in the oral cavity

caused by poorly fitting dentures or by an infection

66
Q

Dyspepsia

A

mild, temporary epigastric pain, sometimes with gas or nausea

aka indigestion

67
Q

Esophageal varix

A

swollen, protruding vein in the mucosa of the esophagus

liver disease causes blood to back up in the large vein from the intestines to the liver, so the blood takes an alternate route through smaller veins in the esophagus, but eventually these veins become engorged

68
Q

Gastritis

A

acute or chronic of inflammation of the stomach due to a bacterial infection, spicy foods, alcohol, or excess acid production

69
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

acute infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines

70
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

chronic inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esophagus because the lower esophageal sphincter does not close tightly

71
Q

Heartburn

A

temporary, mild inflammation of the esophagus due to reflux of the stomach acid back into the esophagus

aka pyrosis

72
Q

Hematemesis

A

vomiting (emesis) of blood caused by bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

73
Q

Nausea and vomiting (N&V)

A

nausea is an unpleasant , queasy feeling in the stomach

74
Q

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa with the formation of an ulcer

ex: esophageal ulcer, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer

75
Q

Stomach cancer

A

cancerous tumor of the stomach that begins in glands in the gastric mucosa

76
Q

Ileus

A

absence of normal peristalsis in the small and large intestines

77
Q

Intussusception

A

telescoping of one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next segment

78
Q

Volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine around itself

79
Q

Appendicitis

A

infection and inflammation of the appendix as waste materials become trapped in the lumen of the appendix

80
Q

Colon cancer

A

cancerous tumor of the colon

81
Q

Diverticulum

A

weakness in the wall of the colon where the mucosa forms an abnormal pouch or tube-shaped sac that opens into the lumen of the colon

82
Q

Gluten sensitivity enteropathy

A

autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to the gluten found in certain grains

83
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (BD)

A

chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines

84
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

disorder of the function of the colon, although the mucosa of the colon never shows any visible signs of inflammation

85
Q

Polyposis

A

condition of numerous polyps

86
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

swollen, protruding veins in the rectum

87
Q

Proctitis

A

inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy done to treat cancer

88
Q

Rectocele

A

the wall of the rectum protrudes into the adjacent vaginal wall, causing it to collapse inwardly and block the vaginal canal

89
Q

Constipation

A

failure to have regular, soft bowel movements

90
Q

Diarrhea

A

abnormally frequent, loose, and sometimes watery feces

91
Q

Flatulence

A

presence of excessive amounts of flatus (gas) in the stomach or intestines

92
Q

Hematochezia

A

blood in the feces

93
Q

Steatorrhea

A

greasy, frothy, foul-smelling feces that contain undigested fats

94
Q

Hernia

A

defect and weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or the abdominal wall

95
Q

Peritonitis

A

infection and inflammation of the peritoneum

96
Q

Ascites

A

accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity

97
Q

Cirrhosis

A

chronic, progressive inflammation and finally irreversible degeneration of the liver, with enlargement

98
Q

Hepatitis

A

infection and inflammation of the liver from the hepatitis virus

99
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver due to cirrhosis, hepatitis, or cancer

100
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes

101
Q

Liver cancer

A

cancerous tumor of the liver

102
Q

Gallbladder cancer

A

cancerous tumor in the ducts of the gallbladder

aka cholangiocarcinoma

103
Q

Cholangitis

A

acute or chronic inflammation of the bile ducts because of cirrhosis or gallstones

104
Q

Cholecystitis

A

acute cholecystitis occurs when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct of the gallbladder

105
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

106
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

cancerous tumor of the pancreas

107
Q

Pancreatitis

A

infection or inflammation of the pancreas

108
Q

Albumin

A

blood test for albumin, the major protein molecule in the blood

109
Q

CLO test

A

gastric mucosa rapid screening test to detect the presence of the bacterium helicobacter pylori

110
Q

Culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

fecal test in which a sample of the patients feces is swabbed onto a culture dish that contains a nutrient medium for growing bacteria

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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