Chapter 4 Flashcards
Cardiopulmonary
pertaining to the heart and lungs
Respiratory system
structures of the upper respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx (throat),
lower respiratory includes the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and thorax
Mucosa
mucous membrane that lines most of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity
hollow area inside the nose
Nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides
Pharynx
throat
Turbinates
scroll-like projections of bone covered by mucous membrane on either side of the nasal cavity
aka nasal conchae
Alveolus
hollow sphere of cells in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas molecules are exchanged
Apex
rounded top of each lung
Bronchiole
small tubular air passageway that branches off from a bronchus and then branches into several alveoli
Bronchus
tubular air passageway supported by cartilage rings
Bronchial tree includes…
trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
Bronchopulmonary
refers to the bronchi and the lungs
Cilia
small hairs the move in waves to take mucus and foreign particles toward the throat to be expelled by coughing or to be swallowed
Epiglottis
lid-like structure that seals off the opening to the larynx, so that swallowed food goes into the esophagus and not the trachea
Hilum
indentation on the medial side of each lung where the bronchus, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins enter and exit the lung
Larynx
structure that contains the vocal cords and is a passageway for inhaled and exhaled air
Lobe
large division of a lung, whose dividing line is visible on the lungs outer surface
Lumen
central opening through which air flows inside the trachea, bronchus, or bronchiole
Lung
spongy, air-filled structures that contain alveoli
Parenchyma
functional part of the lung as opposed to the connective tissue framework
Surfactant
compound that reduces surface tension and keeps the walls of the alveoli from collapsing with each exhalation
Trachea
tube supported by c-shaped rings of cartilage
air passageway between the larynx and the bronchi
aka windpipe
Diaphragm
sheet of skeletal muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Intercostal muscles
sets of muscles between the ribs that contract to pull the ribs up and out during inhalation or down and in during forceful exhalation
Mediastinum
irregularly shaped area within the thoracic cavity
contains the trachea (and heart and esophagus)
Phrenic nerve
nerve that, when stimulated by the respiratory control centers, causes the diaphragm to contract and move downward; this expands the thoracic cavity and causes inspiration
Pleurae
double-layered membrane that lines each pleural cavity and secretes pleural fluid
Visceral pleura
next to the lungs surface
Parietal pleura
next to the wall of the thoracic cavity
Pleural fluid
space between visceral and parietal pleura is filled with this
Pleural cavity
area surround by pleura
each cavity contains a lung
Pleural space
narrow space between the two layers of pleurae
filled with pleural fluid
Rib cage
bony wall that surrounds and protects the thoracic cavity
consists of the sternum, ribs, and bones of the spine
Thoracic cavity
hollow spave surrounded by the rib cage
contains the lungs and structures in the mediastinum
Thorax
area between the neck and the diaphragm
Carbon dioxide
exhaled gas that is a waste product of cellular metabolism
Eupnea
normal depth and rate of respiration
Exhalation
breathing out
Inhalation
breathing in
Metabolism
process that uses oxygen to produce energy within body cells and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product
Oxygen
inhaled gas that is used by each cell to produce energy in the process of metabolism
Oxygemoglobin
compound formed when oxygen combines with the hemoglobin in red blood cells
Respiration
consists of five processes: ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration, cellular respiration
Ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
External respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas molecules between the alveoli and the blood
Internal respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the cells
Cellular respiration
use of oxygen to produce energy in the cell while producing carbon dioxide as a waste product
Respiratory control centers
centers in the brain that control the rate of respiration
Abc CO2
carbon dioxide
Abv LLL
left lower lobe (of the lung)
Abv LUL
left upper lobe (of the lung)
Abv O2
oxygen
Abv RLL
right lower lobe (of the lung)
Abv RML
right middle lobe (of the lung)
Abv RUL
right upper lobe (of the lung)
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
bacterial or viral infection of the nose and/or throat
aka common cold
Asthma
hyperreactivity of the bronchi and bronchioles
inflammation and swelling of the mucosa, excessive mucus production
Bronchospasm
contraction of the smooth muscle
Status asthmaticus
prolonged, extremely severe, life-threatening asthma attack
Bronchitis
acute or chronic infection or inflammation of the bronchi
Bronchiectasis
chronic, permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity of the bronchioles
Reactive airway disease
group of condition that all show reversible narrowing of the airway lumens with wheezing, caused by an external factor
Abnormal breath sounds
normal respiration sound like a soft wind rushing through a tunnel
Pleural friction rub
creaking, grating, or rubbing sound caused by inflamed layers of pleurae rubbing against each other
Rales
irregular crackling or bubbling sounds
aka crackles
Wet rales
caused by fluid or infection in the alveoli
Dry rales
caused by chronic irrigation
Rhonchi
humming, whistling, or snoring sounds caused by swelling, mucus, or a foreign body that partially obstructs the bronchi
Stridor
high pitched, harsh, crowing sound caused by edema or an obstruction in the trachea or larynx
Wheezes
high pitched whistling or squeaking sounds caused by narrowing of the lumen due to bronchospasm from asthma, a lung infection, an allergic reaction, or a foreign body obstructing the airways
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
condition in which many alveoli are damaged and become filled with fluid
Atelectasis
incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung caused by mucus, a tumor, trauma, or a foreign body that blocks the bronchus
aka collapsed lung
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
any type of chronic obstructive lung disease, including chronic bronchitis or emphysema caused by chronic exposure to air pollution or smoking
Cystic fibers (CF)
hereditary, eventually fatal disease caused by a recessive gene
Empyema
localized collection of purulent material (pus) in the thoracic cavity caused by lung infection
aka pyothorax
Influenza
acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory system
aka the flu
Legionnaires’ disease
severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection
flu-like symptoms
treatment: antibiotic drug
Lung cancer
cancerous tumor of the lungs that is more common in smokers
most common: adenocarcinoma
Occupational lung diseases
group of diseases that are all caused by long-term exposure to inhaled irritants or particles that cause pulmonary fibrosis, and the alveoli lose their elasticity
Anthracosis
caused by coal dust
aka coal miners dust or black lung disease
Asbestosis
caused by asbestos fibers
Pneumoconiosis
general word for any occupational lung disease caused by inhaling some type of dust or particle
Pneumonia
infection of some or all of the lobes on the lungs
Aspiration oneumonia
caused by foreign matter (chemical, vomit, etc.) that is inhaled into the lungs
Bronchopneumonia
affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the lung
Lobar pneumonia
affects one lobe of the lung
Panlobar pneumonia
affects all the lobes of one lung
Pneumococcal pneumonia
caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
caused by the fungus pneumocystis jiroveci
Walking pneumonia
caused by the bacterium mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pulmonary edema
edema (fluid) collects in the alveoli
most commonly caused by failure of the left side of the heart to pump blood
Pulmonary embolism
blockage of a pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
severe viral infection that can be fatal
Tuberculosis (TB)
infection caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis and spread by airborne droplets and coughing
Hemothorax
presence of blood in the thoracic cavity, usually from trauma
Pleural effusion
accumulation of excessive fluid in the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae caused by infection or inflammation of the pleurae and lungs
Pleurisy
infection or inflammation of the pleurae due to pneumonia, trauma, or a tumor
aka pleuritis
Pneumothorax
a large volume of air in the pleural space
fully collapsed lung
Apnea
absence of spontaneous respirations due to respiratory failure or respiratory arrest
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
acute event in which an apparently healthy infant under 1 year of age suddenly dies
previously crib death
national campaign for prevention: “safe to sleep”
Bradypnea
abnormally slow rate of breathing (less than 10 breaths per minute) caused by chemical imbalance in the blood or by brain damage that affects the respiratory control centers of the brain
Cough
difficult, labored, or painful respirations
Orthopnea
difficulty breathing when lying supine
Tachypnea
abnormally rapid rate of breathing
Anoxia
complete lack (or severely decreased level) of oxygen in the arterial blood and body tissues
Asphyxia
abnormally high level of carbon dioxide with an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood that produces a decreased heart rate and blueness of the skin
caused by choking, drowning, suffocating, or a foreign body object (FBO)
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin and nail beds because of a low level of oxygen and a high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues
Hypercapnia
very high level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood
Hypoxemia
very low level of oxygen in the arterial blood
Hypoxia
very low level of oxygen in the cells
Arterial blood gases (ABG)
blood test to measure the partial pressure (p) of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood
Carboxyhemoglobin
blood test to measure the level of carbon monoxide in the blood
Oximetry
procedure to measure the degree of hemoglobin saturation of the blood
Pulmonary function test (PFT)
procedure to measure the capacity of the lungs and the volume of air during inhalation and exhalation
Sleep study
procedure to determine whether a patient has obstructive sleep apnea
Sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)
lab test to identify the bacterium causing a pulmonary infection
Tuberculosis test
tests to determine whether a patient has been exposed to tuberculosis
Chest radiography
radiologic procedure that uses c-rays to create a digital image of the lungs
aka chest c-ray (CXR)
Computerized axial tomography (CAT, CT)
radiologic procedure that uses x-rays to create multiple digital cross-sectional images by scanning on narrow slice of tissue at a time
Lung scan
nuclear medicine procedure that uses an inhaled radioactive gas to evaluate ventilation in the lungs as well as an intravenous radioactive drug to evaluate perfusion
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
radiologic procedure that uses a magnet and radio waves to produce a magnetic field that affects the rotational axis of protons in atoms in the body’s tissues
Auscultation and percussion (A&P)
auscultation: using a stethoscope to listen to breath sounds in all lobes of the lungs
percussion: using the finger of one hand to tap over the finger of the other hand that is spread across the patients back over a lobe of the lung
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
procedure to provide air to the lungs and circulate the blood when a patient stops breathing and the heart stops beating
Chest percussion therapy
respiratory therapist used cupped hands, hitting against the patients back to loosen the mucus, or uses a vibrating device to loosen the mucus
Endotracheal intubation
procedure in which an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted into the trachea
Incentive spirometry
procedure that uses the medial device of a spirometer to encourage patients to breathe deeply to prevent atelectasis
Nebulizer
device that creates a fine mist that is inhaled into the lungs
Oxygen therapy
procedure to provide additional oxygen to patients with pulmonary disease
Antibiotic drug
treats respiratory infections caused by bacteria
Antitubercular drug
treats tuberculosis
Antitussive drug
suppresses the cough center in the brain
treats chronic bronchitis
Antiviral drug
treats influenza virus infection, particularly in at-risk patients with asthma or lung disease
Bronchodilator drug
dilates constricted airways by relaxing the smooth muscles the surround the bronchioles
treats asthma, COPD, emphysema, and cystic fibrosis
Corticosteroid drug
blocks the immune system from causing inflammation in the lungs
treats asthma and COPD
Expectorant drug
reduces the thickness of sputum so that it can be coughed up
Leukotriene receptor blocker drug
blocks leukotriene, which causes inflammation and edema
treats asthma
Mast cell stabilizer drug
stabilized mast cells and prevents them from releasing histamine that causes bronchospasm during an allergic reaction
Pneumococcal vaccination
used to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia
Smoking cessation drug
binds to nicotine receptors and prevents them from being activated if the patient smokes
Bronchoscopy
procedure that uses a lighted bronchoscope inserted through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi
Chest tube insertion
procedure that inserts a plastic tube into the thoracic cavity to remove accumulated air, fluid, pus, or blood due to trauma or infection
Lung resection
procedure to remove part of or the entire lung
Thoracentesis
procedure that uses a needle and a vacuum container to remove pleural fluid
Thoracotomy
incision into the thoracic cavity
Tracheostomy
procedure that provides temporary or permanent access to the lungs in patients who need continuing respiratory support, usually with a respirator
