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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cardiopulmonary

A

pertaining to the heart and lungs

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2
Q

Respiratory system

A

structures of the upper respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx (throat),

lower respiratory includes the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and thorax

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3
Q

Mucosa

A

mucous membrane that lines most of the respiratory system

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4
Q

Nasal cavity

A

hollow area inside the nose

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5
Q

Nasal septum

A

divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

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6
Q

Pharynx

A

throat

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7
Q

Turbinates

A

scroll-like projections of bone covered by mucous membrane on either side of the nasal cavity
aka nasal conchae

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8
Q

Alveolus

A

hollow sphere of cells in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas molecules are exchanged

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9
Q

Apex

A

rounded top of each lung

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10
Q

Bronchiole

A

small tubular air passageway that branches off from a bronchus and then branches into several alveoli

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11
Q

Bronchus

A

tubular air passageway supported by cartilage rings

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12
Q

Bronchial tree includes…

A

trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

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13
Q

Bronchopulmonary

A

refers to the bronchi and the lungs

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14
Q

Cilia

A

small hairs the move in waves to take mucus and foreign particles toward the throat to be expelled by coughing or to be swallowed

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15
Q

Epiglottis

A

lid-like structure that seals off the opening to the larynx, so that swallowed food goes into the esophagus and not the trachea

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16
Q

Hilum

A

indentation on the medial side of each lung where the bronchus, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins enter and exit the lung

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17
Q

Larynx

A

structure that contains the vocal cords and is a passageway for inhaled and exhaled air

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18
Q

Lobe

A

large division of a lung, whose dividing line is visible on the lungs outer surface

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19
Q

Lumen

A

central opening through which air flows inside the trachea, bronchus, or bronchiole

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20
Q

Lung

A

spongy, air-filled structures that contain alveoli

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21
Q

Parenchyma

A

functional part of the lung as opposed to the connective tissue framework

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22
Q

Surfactant

A

compound that reduces surface tension and keeps the walls of the alveoli from collapsing with each exhalation

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23
Q

Trachea

A

tube supported by c-shaped rings of cartilage
air passageway between the larynx and the bronchi
aka windpipe

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24
Q

Diaphragm

A

sheet of skeletal muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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25
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

sets of muscles between the ribs that contract to pull the ribs up and out during inhalation or down and in during forceful exhalation

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26
Q

Mediastinum

A

irregularly shaped area within the thoracic cavity
contains the trachea (and heart and esophagus)

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27
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

nerve that, when stimulated by the respiratory control centers, causes the diaphragm to contract and move downward; this expands the thoracic cavity and causes inspiration

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28
Q

Pleurae

A

double-layered membrane that lines each pleural cavity and secretes pleural fluid

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29
Q

Visceral pleura

A

next to the lungs surface

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30
Q

Parietal pleura

A

next to the wall of the thoracic cavity

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31
Q

Pleural fluid

A

space between visceral and parietal pleura is filled with this

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32
Q

Pleural cavity

A

area surround by pleura
each cavity contains a lung

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33
Q

Pleural space

A

narrow space between the two layers of pleurae

filled with pleural fluid

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34
Q

Rib cage

A

bony wall that surrounds and protects the thoracic cavity

consists of the sternum, ribs, and bones of the spine

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35
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

hollow spave surrounded by the rib cage

contains the lungs and structures in the mediastinum

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36
Q

Thorax

A

area between the neck and the diaphragm

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37
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

exhaled gas that is a waste product of cellular metabolism

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38
Q

Eupnea

A

normal depth and rate of respiration

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39
Q

Exhalation

A

breathing out

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40
Q

Inhalation

A

breathing in

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41
Q

Metabolism

A

process that uses oxygen to produce energy within body cells and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product

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42
Q

Oxygen

A

inhaled gas that is used by each cell to produce energy in the process of metabolism

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43
Q

Oxygemoglobin

A

compound formed when oxygen combines with the hemoglobin in red blood cells

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44
Q

Respiration

A

consists of five processes: ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration, cellular respiration

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45
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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46
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas molecules between the alveoli and the blood

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47
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the cells

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48
Q

Cellular respiration

A

use of oxygen to produce energy in the cell while producing carbon dioxide as a waste product

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49
Q

Respiratory control centers

A

centers in the brain that control the rate of respiration

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50
Q

Abc CO2

A

carbon dioxide

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51
Q

Abv LLL

A

left lower lobe (of the lung)

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52
Q

Abv LUL

A

left upper lobe (of the lung)

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53
Q

Abv O2

A

oxygen

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54
Q

Abv RLL

A

right lower lobe (of the lung)

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55
Q

Abv RML

A

right middle lobe (of the lung)

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56
Q

Abv RUL

A

right upper lobe (of the lung)

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57
Q

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

A

bacterial or viral infection of the nose and/or throat

aka common cold

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58
Q

Asthma

A

hyperreactivity of the bronchi and bronchioles

inflammation and swelling of the mucosa, excessive mucus production

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59
Q

Bronchospasm

A

contraction of the smooth muscle

60
Q

Status asthmaticus

A

prolonged, extremely severe, life-threatening asthma attack

61
Q

Bronchitis

A

acute or chronic infection or inflammation of the bronchi

62
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

chronic, permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity of the bronchioles

63
Q

Reactive airway disease

A

group of condition that all show reversible narrowing of the airway lumens with wheezing, caused by an external factor

64
Q

Abnormal breath sounds

A

normal respiration sound like a soft wind rushing through a tunnel

65
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

creaking, grating, or rubbing sound caused by inflamed layers of pleurae rubbing against each other

66
Q

Rales

A

irregular crackling or bubbling sounds

aka crackles

67
Q

Wet rales

A

caused by fluid or infection in the alveoli

68
Q

Dry rales

A

caused by chronic irrigation

69
Q

Rhonchi

A

humming, whistling, or snoring sounds caused by swelling, mucus, or a foreign body that partially obstructs the bronchi

70
Q

Stridor

A

high pitched, harsh, crowing sound caused by edema or an obstruction in the trachea or larynx

71
Q

Wheezes

A

high pitched whistling or squeaking sounds caused by narrowing of the lumen due to bronchospasm from asthma, a lung infection, an allergic reaction, or a foreign body obstructing the airways

72
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

condition in which many alveoli are damaged and become filled with fluid

73
Q

Atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung caused by mucus, a tumor, trauma, or a foreign body that blocks the bronchus

aka collapsed lung

74
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

any type of chronic obstructive lung disease, including chronic bronchitis or emphysema caused by chronic exposure to air pollution or smoking

75
Q

Cystic fibers (CF)

A

hereditary, eventually fatal disease caused by a recessive gene

76
Q

Empyema

A

localized collection of purulent material (pus) in the thoracic cavity caused by lung infection

aka pyothorax

77
Q

Influenza

A

acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory system

aka the flu

78
Q

Legionnaires’ disease

A

severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection

flu-like symptoms

treatment: antibiotic drug

79
Q

Lung cancer

A

cancerous tumor of the lungs that is more common in smokers

most common: adenocarcinoma

80
Q

Occupational lung diseases

A

group of diseases that are all caused by long-term exposure to inhaled irritants or particles that cause pulmonary fibrosis, and the alveoli lose their elasticity

81
Q

Anthracosis

A

caused by coal dust

aka coal miners dust or black lung disease

82
Q

Asbestosis

A

caused by asbestos fibers

83
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

general word for any occupational lung disease caused by inhaling some type of dust or particle

84
Q

Pneumonia

A

infection of some or all of the lobes on the lungs

85
Q

Aspiration oneumonia

A

caused by foreign matter (chemical, vomit, etc.) that is inhaled into the lungs

86
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the lung

87
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

affects one lobe of the lung

88
Q

Panlobar pneumonia

A

affects all the lobes of one lung

89
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia

A

caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae

90
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

A

caused by the fungus pneumocystis jiroveci

91
Q

Walking pneumonia

A

caused by the bacterium mycoplasma pneumoniae

92
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

edema (fluid) collects in the alveoli

most commonly caused by failure of the left side of the heart to pump blood

93
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

blockage of a pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus

94
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A

severe viral infection that can be fatal

95
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

infection caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis and spread by airborne droplets and coughing

96
Q

Hemothorax

A

presence of blood in the thoracic cavity, usually from trauma

97
Q

Pleural effusion

A

accumulation of excessive fluid in the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae caused by infection or inflammation of the pleurae and lungs

98
Q

Pleurisy

A

infection or inflammation of the pleurae due to pneumonia, trauma, or a tumor

aka pleuritis

99
Q

Pneumothorax

A

a large volume of air in the pleural space

fully collapsed lung

100
Q

Apnea

A

absence of spontaneous respirations due to respiratory failure or respiratory arrest

101
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

acute event in which an apparently healthy infant under 1 year of age suddenly dies

previously crib death

national campaign for prevention: “safe to sleep”

102
Q

Bradypnea

A

abnormally slow rate of breathing (less than 10 breaths per minute) caused by chemical imbalance in the blood or by brain damage that affects the respiratory control centers of the brain

103
Q

Cough

A

difficult, labored, or painful respirations

104
Q

Orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing when lying supine

105
Q

Tachypnea

A

abnormally rapid rate of breathing

106
Q

Anoxia

A

complete lack (or severely decreased level) of oxygen in the arterial blood and body tissues

107
Q

Asphyxia

A

abnormally high level of carbon dioxide with an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood that produces a decreased heart rate and blueness of the skin

caused by choking, drowning, suffocating, or a foreign body object (FBO)

108
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin and nail beds because of a low level of oxygen and a high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues

109
Q

Hypercapnia

A

very high level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood

110
Q

Hypoxemia

A

very low level of oxygen in the arterial blood

111
Q

Hypoxia

A

very low level of oxygen in the cells

112
Q

Arterial blood gases (ABG)

A

blood test to measure the partial pressure (p) of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood

113
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin

A

blood test to measure the level of carbon monoxide in the blood

114
Q

Oximetry

A

procedure to measure the degree of hemoglobin saturation of the blood

115
Q

Pulmonary function test (PFT)

A

procedure to measure the capacity of the lungs and the volume of air during inhalation and exhalation

116
Q

Sleep study

A

procedure to determine whether a patient has obstructive sleep apnea

117
Q

Sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

lab test to identify the bacterium causing a pulmonary infection

118
Q

Tuberculosis test

A

tests to determine whether a patient has been exposed to tuberculosis

119
Q

Chest radiography

A

radiologic procedure that uses c-rays to create a digital image of the lungs

aka chest c-ray (CXR)

120
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CAT, CT)

A

radiologic procedure that uses x-rays to create multiple digital cross-sectional images by scanning on narrow slice of tissue at a time

121
Q

Lung scan

A

nuclear medicine procedure that uses an inhaled radioactive gas to evaluate ventilation in the lungs as well as an intravenous radioactive drug to evaluate perfusion

122
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

radiologic procedure that uses a magnet and radio waves to produce a magnetic field that affects the rotational axis of protons in atoms in the body’s tissues

123
Q

Auscultation and percussion (A&P)

A

auscultation: using a stethoscope to listen to breath sounds in all lobes of the lungs
percussion: using the finger of one hand to tap over the finger of the other hand that is spread across the patients back over a lobe of the lung

124
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

procedure to provide air to the lungs and circulate the blood when a patient stops breathing and the heart stops beating

125
Q

Chest percussion therapy

A

respiratory therapist used cupped hands, hitting against the patients back to loosen the mucus, or uses a vibrating device to loosen the mucus

126
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

procedure in which an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted into the trachea

127
Q

Incentive spirometry

A

procedure that uses the medial device of a spirometer to encourage patients to breathe deeply to prevent atelectasis

128
Q

Nebulizer

A

device that creates a fine mist that is inhaled into the lungs

129
Q

Oxygen therapy

A

procedure to provide additional oxygen to patients with pulmonary disease

130
Q

Antibiotic drug

A

treats respiratory infections caused by bacteria

131
Q

Antitubercular drug

A

treats tuberculosis

132
Q

Antitussive drug

A

suppresses the cough center in the brain

treats chronic bronchitis

133
Q

Antiviral drug

A

treats influenza virus infection, particularly in at-risk patients with asthma or lung disease

134
Q

Bronchodilator drug

A

dilates constricted airways by relaxing the smooth muscles the surround the bronchioles

treats asthma, COPD, emphysema, and cystic fibrosis

135
Q

Corticosteroid drug

A

blocks the immune system from causing inflammation in the lungs

treats asthma and COPD

136
Q

Expectorant drug

A

reduces the thickness of sputum so that it can be coughed up

137
Q

Leukotriene receptor blocker drug

A

blocks leukotriene, which causes inflammation and edema

treats asthma

138
Q

Mast cell stabilizer drug

A

stabilized mast cells and prevents them from releasing histamine that causes bronchospasm during an allergic reaction

139
Q

Pneumococcal vaccination

A

used to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia

140
Q

Smoking cessation drug

A

binds to nicotine receptors and prevents them from being activated if the patient smokes

141
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

procedure that uses a lighted bronchoscope inserted through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi

142
Q

Chest tube insertion

A

procedure that inserts a plastic tube into the thoracic cavity to remove accumulated air, fluid, pus, or blood due to trauma or infection

143
Q

Lung resection

A

procedure to remove part of or the entire lung

144
Q

Thoracentesis

A

procedure that uses a needle and a vacuum container to remove pleural fluid

145
Q

Thoracotomy

A

incision into the thoracic cavity

146
Q

Tracheostomy

A

procedure that provides temporary or permanent access to the lungs in patients who need continuing respiratory support, usually with a respirator

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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