Chapter 2 Flashcards
Epidermis
thin, outermost layer of the skin
categorized as epithelium
Squamous layer
contains som living cells but its surface cells are dead cells that are filled with keratin
Basal layer
deepest layer, composed of living cells that are constantly dividing and moving to the surface
Melanocyte
pigment cells that produce melanin
Dermis
layer of skin beneath the epidermis
contains: collagen and elastic fibers arteries, veins, and nerves, as well as sebaceous glands
Collagen
white protein fibers in the dermis
Elastin
yellow elastin fibers in the dermis
Sebaceous glands
aka oil glands
found in the dermis, type of exocrine gland because it secretes a substance (sebum) through a duct
Sebum
substance secreted by sebaceous glands
Sudoriferous glands
aka sweat glands
found in the dermis
type of exocrine gland
Diaphoresis
process of producing sweat
Perspiration
sweat
Follicle
a small gland in which the hair forms
Piloerection
when the skin is cold, or when someone experiences a strong emotion, the hairs stand up
aka goosebumps
Nail plate
hard, translucent outer layer
composed of dead cells that contain keratin
Nail root
located beneath the skin on the upper surface of the finger and toe
Lunula
visible white, half moon shape on the nail
Cuticle
layer of dead cells that lies around the proximal base of the nails
Nail bed
beneath the top nail plate
contains nerves and blood vessels
Subcutaneous tissue
directly beneath the dermis and is composed of connective tissue and adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
fatty tissue
contains lipocytes
Lipocyte
cells that store fat as an energy reserve for the body
Integumentary system
consists of: skin, nails, and the subcutaneous system
functions: protection, repair, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, thermoregulation, and homeostasis
Cutaneous
pertaining to the skin
Exocrine gland
type of gland that secretes substance through a duct
Dermatome
area of the skin that sends sensory information through a nerve to the spinal cord
Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
infection that occurs in hospitals and other healthcare facilities when caregivers do not wash their hands
previously: nosocomial infection
Homeostasis
balance, equilibrium, and stability of all body systems and functions
Normal skin flora
bacteria that live on the skin and inhibit the growth of disease-causing microorganisms
abv CO
carbon monoxide
abv CO2
carbon dioxide
HAI
healthcare-associated infection
Dermatitis
infection or inflammation of the skin
Edema
excessive amounts of fluid move from the blood into the dermis or subcutaneous tissue and cause swelling (sunburn on my hand)
Hemorrhage
injury to the blood vessels releases into the skin; this process is known as extravastion
Petechiae
pinpoint areas of blood caused by small ruptured blood vessels
Contusion
hemorrhage of a larger amount of blood into the skin
commonly known as a bruise
Hematoma
elevated, localized collection of blood under the skin
Lesion
any visible damage or variation from normal skin, whether from disease or injury
Neoplasm
any new growth that occurs on the skin
can be benign or malignant
Pruritus
caused by the release of histamine as part of an allergic reaction of the skin
Rash
any type of skin lesion that is pink to red, flat or raised, itchy or not itchy
Xeroderma
excessive dryness of the skin
caused by aging, cold weather with low humidity, vitamin A deficiency, or dehydration
Albinism
genetic mutation that causes lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and iris of the eye
there is a normal number of melanocytes but they produce little to no melanin
Cyanosis
bluish-purple discoloration of the skin and nails due to a decreased level of oxygen in the blood
caused by cardiac or respiratory disease
Erythema
reddish discoloration of the skin
can be confined to local area of infection or inflammation, or it can affect large areas of the skin, as in sunburn
Jaundice
yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as the whites of they eyes
associated with liver disease
Necrosis
gray to black discoloration of the skin in areas where the tissue has died
can develop in a burn, pressure injury, wound, or an tissue with a poor blood supply
Abrasion
a sliding or scrape injury that mechanically removes the epidermis
Vitiligo
autoimmune disorder in which melanocytes are slowly destroyed
Cicatrix
fibrous tissue composed of collagen; it forms as an injury heals
aka scar
Excoriation
superficial injury with a sharp object that creates a linear scratch on the skin
Laceration
linear penetrating wound
fan have clean cut or jagged edges
Keloid
a very firm, abnormally large scar
Full-thickness burn
involves the epidermis, dermis, and sometimes the subcutaneous tissue and muscle layer beneath it. if nerves in the dermis are destroyed, there is local anesthesia with loss of sensation of pain
aka third degree burn
Superficial burn
involves only the epidermis
aka first degree burn
Pressure injury
epidermis and dermis break down, resulting in a shallow or deep ulcer
occurs due to constant pressure on the skin
Partial-thickness burn
involves the epidermis and the upper part of the dermis
aka second degree burn
Blister
fluid-filled sac with a thin, transparent covering of epidermal cells
occurs when a rubbing injury separates the epidermis from the dermis, releasing fluid and creating a fluid-filled sac
Abscess
localized, pus-containing pocket under the skin from bacterial infection
usually caused by staphylococcus aureus
Burns
heat, electrical current, chemicals, and radiation or x-rays can create a burn of the epidermis or dermis
Cellulitis
infection and inflammation that spreads through the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle
Callus
repetitive rubbing injury that causes the epidermis to gradually thicken into a wide, elevated pad
Corn
callus with a hard central area with a pointed tip that causes pain
Herpes
infection caused by the herpes virus
Tinea
skin infection caused by a fungus that feeds on epidermal cells
severe itching and burning red, scaly lesions. thought to be from a worm so it is called ringworm
Verruca
irregular, rough skin lesion caused by the human papillomavirus
aka wart
Pediculosis
infestation of parasitic lice and their eggs (nits) in the scalp, hair, eyelashes, or genital hair
Scabies
infestation of parasitic mites that tunnel under the skin and produce vesicles that are itchy
Contact dermatitis
local reaction from contact with a substance that is an allergen or irritant
Urticaria
local allergic reaction due to food, plants, animals, insect bites, or drugs
aka hives
Actinic keratosis
benign neoplasm
raised, irregular, rough area of skin is dry and feels like sandpaper
Hemangioma
benign mass of superficial, dilated blood vessels that is present at birth
Lipoma
benign growth of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer
Nevus
benign skin lesion that is present at birth and has a variety of colors and shapes
aka mole, birthmark
Papilloma
soft, flesh colored growth that protrudes outwardly from the skip as a flap or a polyp on a stalk
aka skin tag
Syndactyly
congenital abnormality in which the skin and soft tissues are joined between the fingers or toes
Polydactyly
congenital abnormality in which there are extra fingers or toes
Cancer of the skin
a cancerous lesion or malignancy in areas of the skin that are chronically exposed to ultraviolet light radiation from the sun
Basal cell carcinoma
skin cancer that begins in the basal layer of the epidermis
Kaposi sarcoma
cancer of the skin and subcutaneous tissur
Malignant melanoma
skin cancer of the melanocytes in the epidermis
Squamous cell carcinoma
skin cancer that begins in the superficial (squamous cell) layer of the epidermis
Psoriasis
autoimmune disorder that produces an excessive number of abnormal epidermal cells
skin is itchy, red, and covered with silvery scales and plaques on the scalp, elbows, hands, and knees
Scleroderma
autoimmune disorder that causes the skin and internal organs to harden over time due to abnormal deposits of collagen
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
autoimmune disorder in which collagen in the skin and connective tissue deteriorates
Acne vulgaris
chronic skin condition of the face, shoulders, and back during adolescence
Rosacea
chronic skin condition of the face and neck in middle-aged patients
blotchy erythema and dilated superficial blood vessels; these are made worse by heat, cold, stress, emotions, certain foods, alcoholic beverages, or sunlight
Seborrhea
overproduction of sebum that occurs at a time other than adolescence
oily areas alternate with dry, scaly skin and dandruff
Anhidrosis
congenital absence of the sudoriferous glands and inability to sweat and tolerate heart
Diaphoresis
normal process of sweating
Alopecia
loss of hair from the scalp
Hirsutism
excessive, dark hair on the forearms and upper lip of a woman
caused by an increase of a male hormone, which is produced by a tumor in the woman’s adrenal gland cortex
Clubbing and cyanosis
abnormal downward curved and bluish fingernails and stunted growth of the fingers associated with a chronic lack of oxygen in patients with cystic fibrosis
Onychomycosis
fungal infection of the fingernails or toenails
Allergy skin testing
skin test in which allergens in a liquid form are given by intradermal injections into the skin
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
lab test in which a specimen o the exudate (oozing fluid or pus) from an ulcer, wound, burn, laceration, or skin infection is tested to identify the bacterium present and its sensitivity to specific antibiotic drugs
RAST
blood test that measures the amount of immunoglobin E (IgE) that is produced when the patients blood is mixed with a specific allergen
Skin scraping
skin test in which a skin scraping is done with the edge of a scalpel to obtain cells from a skin lesion
Tzanck test
skin test in which a skin scraping is done to obtain fluid from a vesicle
Wood lamp or light
skin test that uses ultraviolet light to highlight areas of abnormal skin
Botox injections
procedure in which the drug botox is injected into the muscle to release deep winkle lines on the face
Collagen injection
procedure in which a liquid that contains collagen is injected into wrinkles or acne scars
Cryolipolysis
procedure that is noninvasive and uses a device that is placed on the skin to freeze fat cells. after a few weeks the body naturally eliminates these cells, causing a reduction in unwanted fat cells
Cryosurgery
procedure in which liquid nitrogen is sprayed or painted onto a wart, mole, or other benign lesion or onto a small malignant lesion
Curettage
procedure that uses a curet to scrape off a superficial skin lesion
Debridement
procedure in which necrotic tissue is removed from a burn, wound, or ulcer
Electrosurgery
procedure that uses an electrical current to remove a nevus, wart, skin tag, or small malignant lesion
Incision and drainage (I&D)
procedure to remove fluid or pus from a cyst or abscess by using a scalpel to create an incision
Laser surgery
procedure that uses pulses of laser light to remove birthmarks, tattoos, enlarged superficial blood vessels, wrinkles,, scars, or unwanted hair
Skin examination
procedure to examine the patients skin or just one skin lesion, rash, or tumor
Skin resurfacing
procedure that removes the epidermis
used to treat acne scars and skin tone irregularities, remove tattoos, and promote the regrowth of smoother skin
Skin tumor assessment
assessing the patients level of hydration by testing the skin turgor (pinching the back of your hand)
Suturing
procedure that uses sutures to bring the edges of the skin together and close a wound after an injury
Ultherapy
procedure that uses ultrasound waves directed to the dermis and subcutaneous tissues
Anesthetic drug
provides temporary numbness of the skin while injuries and skin diseases are treated or skin lesions are removed
Antibiotic drug
treats bacterial infections of the skin or acne vulgaris
Antifungal drug
treats ringworm (tinea) when applied topically
Antipruitic drug
decreases itching
Antiviral drug
treats herpes simplex virus infections
Coal tar drug
treats psoriasis
causes epidermal cells to multiply more slowly resulting in less itching
Corticosteroid drug
treats skin inflammation associated with many different skin diseases
Drug for alopecia
improved blood flow to the skin to increase hair growth
Drug for infestations
treats scabies (mites) and pediculosis (lice)
Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
treats cancer of the skin with laser light and a photosensitizing drug
Psoralen drug
treats psoriasis
sensitizes the skin to ultraviolet light therapy, damages cellular DNA, and decreases the rate of cell division
Vitamin A-type drug
treats acne vulgaris or severe cystic acne
Biopsy (Bx)
procedure done to remove all or part of a skin lesion or tumor
Dermatoplasty
procedure of any type that involves plastic surgery to the skin
Liposuction
procedure to remove excessive adipose tissue deposits
Mohs surgery
procedure to remove skin cancer, particularly tumors with irregular shapes and depths
Rhytidectomy
procedure to remove wrinkles and tighten loose, aging skin on the face and neck
Skin grafting
procedure that uses human or artificial skin to provide a temporary covering or permanent layer of skin over a burn or wound
abv Bx
biopsy
abv C&S
culture and sensitivity
abv Derm
dermatology
abv HAI
healthcare-associated infection
abv HSV
herpes simplex virus
abv I&D
incision and drainage
abv IgE
immunoglobulin E
abv PDT
photodynamic therapy
abv PUVA
psoralen ultravoilet A
abv SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
abv SQ
subcutaneous
abv subcu
subcutaneous
abv subQ
subcutaneous
abv UVB
ultraviolet light B
