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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Orbit

A

hollow socket in the anterior skull

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2
Q

Iris

A

colored, circular structure in the eye

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3
Q

Pupil

A

a round opening that allows light rays to enter the eye

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4
Q

Mydriasis

A

muscles relax in dim light to dilate the pupil

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5
Q

Miosis

A

muscles contract in bright light to constrict the pupil

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6
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

located in the superior-lateral aspect of each eye

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7
Q

accommodation

A

change in the shape of the lens as the muscles of the ciliary body contract or relax to move the suspensory ligaments to the lens

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8
Q

Anterior cavity

A

area at the front of the eye that consists of the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber

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9
Q

Anterior chamber

A

very small space between the cornea and the iris

aqueous humor circulates through it

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10
Q

Aqueous humor

A

clear, watery fluid produced continuously by the ciliary body

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11
Q

Canal of schlemm

A

circular canal around the iris

aqueous humor from the trabecular meshwork flows through the canal of schlemm and is absorbed by a nearby vein

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12
Q

Choroid

A

spongy membrane of blood vessels that begins at the iris and continues around the posterior eye

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13
Q

Ciliary body

A

extension of the choroid

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14
Q

Conjunctiva

A

delicate, transparent mucous membrane that covers the inside of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye

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15
Q

Cornea

A

transparent layer over the anterior surface of the eye that allows light to enter the eye and bends the light rays

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16
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

carries sensory information of visual images from the retina to the optic chiasm in the brain for the sense of light

aka optic nerve

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17
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

carries motor commands to move four extraocular muscles, move the eyelids, and change the size of the pupil

aka oculomotor nerve

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18
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

carries motor commands to move the superior oblique extraocular muscle

aka trochlear nerve

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19
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

carries sensory information from the eyelids and eyebrows to the brain

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20
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

carries motor commands to move the lateral rectus extraocular muscle

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21
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

carries motor commands to the lacrimal glands to produce tears

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22
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

six muscles that are attached to the sclera by tendons and move the eye in all directions

  • superior rectus muscle
  • inferior rectus muscle
  • medial rectus muscle
  • lateral rectus muscle
  • superior oblique muscle
  • inferior oblique muscle
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23
Q

Iris

A

colored circular structure around the pupil

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24
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

gland in the superior-lateral aspect of the eye

continuously produces and releases tears through the lacrimal duct

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25
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

structure that collects tears as they drain from the medial aspect of the eye

sac empties into the nasolacrimal duct

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26
Q

Lens

A

transparent, flexible disk posterior to the pupil

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27
Q

Lens capsule

A

clear membrane that surrounds the lens

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28
Q

Miosis

A

contraction of the muscles of the iris to constrict the pupil and limit the amount of bright light entering the eye

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29
Q

Mydriasis

A

relaxation of the muscles of the iris to dilate the pupil and increase the amount of bright light entering the eye

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30
Q

Nasolacrimal duct

A

structure that carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the inside of the nose

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31
Q

Orbit

A

hollow bony socket in the anterior skull where the eyeballs go

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32
Q

Posterior chamber

A

very narrow space posterior to the iris

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33
Q

Pupil

A

dark, round, central opening in the iris that allows light rays to enter the posterior cavity

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34
Q

Sclera

A

white, opaque, tough, fibrous, connective tissue that forms the outer layer around most of the eye, protects the internal structures, and maintains the shape of the eye

aka the white of the eye

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35
Q

Trabecular meshwork

A

interlacing fibers around the edge of the iris

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36
Q

Uvea

A

collective word for the iris, choroid, and ciliary body

aka uveal tract

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37
Q

Fovea

A

small depression in the center of the macula

area of sharpest vision and lies directly opposite the pupil

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38
Q

Fundus

A

general word for the retina because it is he area that is farthest from the opening (pupil)

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39
Q

Macula

A

dark, yellow-orange circular area with indistinct edges located on the retina

contains the fovea

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40
Q

Optic disk

A

bright, yellow-white circle in the retina where the optic nerve and retinal arteries enter, and the retinal veins leave, the posterior cavity

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41
Q

Posterior cavity

A

large space between the lens and the retina that is filled with vitreous humor

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42
Q

Retina

A

thin layer of tissue that lines the posterior cavity

aka fundus

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43
Q

Vitreous humor

A

clear, gel-like substance that fills the posterior cavity and helps maintain the shape of the eye

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44
Q

Cones

A

light-sensitive cells concentrated in the macula of the retina that detect color

three cones which respond to only red, green, or blue light

45
Q

Optic chiasm

A

area of the brain where part of each optic nerve crosses over to join part of the optic nerve from the other side

46
Q

Refraction

A

the bending and focusing of light rays as they pass through the cornea and then through the lens

47
Q

Rods

A

light-sensitive cells in the retina that detect black and white but not color

in low light they produce a grainy, black and white image

48
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

three dimensional vision with depth and distance perception

49
Q

Thalamus

A

area in the brain where sensory images can be quickly interpreted so there can be a quick motor reflex to blink or move away

50
Q

Visual cortex

A

area in the right and left occipital lobes of the brain. it merges the images from both eyes to create a single image

51
Q

Visual field

A

the field of vision, including all objects that can be seen, centrally and to the side

52
Q

Blepharitis

A

infection of inflammation of the eyelids

53
Q

Blepharoptosis

A

drooping of the upper eyelid from excessive fat or sagging of the tissues due to age

54
Q

Ectropion

A

injury or a growth on the lower eyelid that causes it to turn outward

55
Q

Entropion

A

the lower eyelid turns inward because of weakening of the muscles and tendons

56
Q

Hordeolum

A

red, painful swelling or a pimple containing pus on the eyelid

57
Q

Dacryocystitis

A

bacterial infection of the lacrimal sac

58
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

insufficient production of tears resulting in eye irritation

occurs with aging, because of an ectropion, or as a side effect of certain drugs

aka dry eyes syndrome

59
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

inflamed, reddened, and swollen conjunctiva with dilated blood vessels in the sclera

60
Q

Corneal abrasion

A

damage to the cornea due to trauma or repetitive irritation, such as a foreign particle under a contact lens

61
Q

Exophthalmos

A

pronounced outward bulging of the anterior surface of the eye with a startled, staring expression

62
Q

Scleral icterus

A

yellow discoloration of the conjunctivae, which makes the sclerae also appear yellow

caused by jaundice

63
Q

Nystagmus

A

involuntary rhythmic motions of the eye, particularly when looking to the side

64
Q

Strabismus

A

deviation of the eye, either medially or laterally

aka cross eye

65
Q

Anisocoria

A

unequal size of the pupils

caused by glaucoma, head trauma, stroke, or a tumor that damages the cranial nerve that controls the muscle of the iris

66
Q

Glaucoma

A

increased intraocular (IOP) because aqueous humor cannot circulate freely

67
Q

Open angle glaucoma

A

angle where the edges of the iris and cornea meet is normal and open, but the trabecular meshwork is blocked

painless but it destroys peripheral vision

68
Q

Closed angle glaucoma

A

angle itself is too narrow and blocks the flow of aqueous humor

causes severe pain, blurred vision, and photophobia

69
Q

Hyphema

A

blood in the anterior chamber

caused by trauma or increased intraocular pressure from glaucoma

70
Q

Photophobia

A

abnormal sensitivity to bright light

can be associated with inflammation of the eye, or it can be due to increased intracranial pressure or meningitis in the brain

71
Q

Uveitis

A

infection or inflammation of the uvea, which is a collective word for the iris, choroid, and ciliary body

72
Q

Aphakia

A

condition in which the lens of the eye has been surgically removed because of a contract

73
Q

Cataract

A

clouding of the lens

74
Q

Presbyopia

A

loss of flexibility of the lens with blurry near vision and loos of accommodation

75
Q

Color-deficient vision

A

genetic condition in which the cones are absent or do not contain enough visual pigment to respond to the light from colored objects

aka color blindness

76
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

chronic, progressive condition of the retina in which a large number of new, fragile blood vessels form in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

77
Q

Floaters and flashers

A

floaters are clumps, dots, or strings of collagen molecules that form in the vitreous humor because of aging and appear as spots in the visual field

flashers are brief bursts of bright light that occur in the visual field when the vitreous humor pulls on the retina

78
Q

Macular degeneration

A

chronic, progressive loss of central vision as the macula degenerates

79
Q

Night blindness

A

marked decrease in visual acuity at night or in dim light

80
Q

Papilledema

A

inflammation and edema of the optic disk

81
Q

Retinal detachment

A

separation of the retina from the choroid layer beneath it

82
Q

Retinitis

A

infection or inflammation of the retina

83
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

cancerous tumor of the retina in children, arising from abnormal embryonic retinal cells

84
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity

A

retina in a premature baby develops abnormal blood vessels that can cause vision loss

85
Q

Astigmatism

A

surface of the cornea is curved more steeply in one area, so there is no single point of focus on the retina

86
Q

Hyperopia

A

light rays from a distant object focus correctly on the retina, and so the patient sees a distant object in sharp focus

87
Q

Myopia

A

light rays from a near object focus correctly on the retina, and so the patient sees a near object in sharp focus

88
Q

Amblyopia

A

condition in which the brain ignores the visual image coming from an eye with strabismus or coming from an eye in which the vision is unfocused or cloudy

89
Q

Blindess

A

condition of complete or partial severe loss of vision

90
Q

Diplopia

A

two visual fields are seen rather than one fused image

91
Q

Scotoma

A

temporary or permanent visual field defect in one or both eyes

92
Q

Fluorescein angiography

A

procedure in which fluorescein is injected intravenously to reveal retinal leaking and hemorrhages by using flash photography

93
Q

Ultrasonography

A

radiologic procedure that uses ultra high frequency sound waves to create an image of the eye

image is a sonogram

94
Q

Accommodation

A

procedure to test the ability of the muscles in the ciliary body to accommodate as demonstrated on near and distance visual acuity tests

95
Q

Color deficient vision testing

A

procedure to determine if the patient has a defect in the red, green, or blue cones in the retina

96
Q

Dilated funduscopy

A

procedure to examine the posterior cavity

97
Q

Eye examination

A

during an eye examination, the ophthalmologist asks about the patients medical history and specifically any problems with vision

98
Q

Eye patching

A

procedure in which the eye is covered with a soft bandage and a hard outer shield after eye trauma or eye surgery

99
Q

Fluorescein staining

A

procedure in which a fluorescein (fluorescent dye) strip or drops are applied topically to the cornea to detect corneal abrasions and ulcers

100
Q

Gaze testing

A

procedure to test the extraocular muscles

101
Q

Conjugate gaze

A

when both eyes move together as a unit

102
Q

Dysconjugate gaze

A

when the eyes do not move together

103
Q

Convergence

A

tests the medical rectus muscles

104
Q

Gonioscopy

A

procedure to look for blockage of the trabecular meshwork in open angle glaucoma

105
Q

Peripheral vision

A

procedure to test visual acuity at the edges of the visual field

106
Q

Phorometry

A

procedure to select from many different lenses to find the strength of lens that corrects the patients refractive error and produces 20/20 vision

107
Q

Pupillary response

A

procedure to test that the pupils constrict briskly and equally in response to a bright light

PERRL

Pupils
Equal
Round and
Reactive to
Light

108
Q

Slit-lamp examination

A

procedure to look for abnormalities of the cornea, anterior chamber, trabecular meshwork, iris, or lens

109
Q

Tonometry

A

procedure to detect increased intraocular pressure and glaucoma

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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