Chapter 4c - Cytogenetics Flashcards
1
Q
Changes in Chromosomes
A
- Aneuploidy
- Euploidy
2
Q
addition or substruction of one or more chromosomes
A
aneuploidy
3
Q
Two types of aneuploidy
A
- Hyperploidy
- Hypoploidy
4
Q
gain of chromosomes
A
Hyperploidy
5
Q
loss of chromosomes
A
Hypoploidy
6
Q
Types of Hyperploidy
A
- trisomy
- double trisomy
- tetrasomy
7
Q
trisomy
A
2n + 1
8
Q
double trisomy
A
2n + 1 + 1
9
Q
tetrasomy
A
2n + 2
10
Q
Types of hypoploidy
A
- monosomy
- double monosomy
- nullisomy
11
Q
monosomy
A
2n-1
12
Q
double monosomy
A
2n -1 -1
13
Q
nullisomy
A
2n -2
14
Q
trisomy 21
A
Down syndrome
15
Q
trisomy 18
A
Edwards syndrome
16
Q
XXY
A
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
17
Q
trisomy 13
A
Patau Syndrome
18
Q
Effects of Nullisomics
A
- dwarf
- less tillering
- female fertile
- male fertile
- awnless
19
Q
Origin of Aneuploids
A
- loss of chromosomes
- non-disjunction of chromosomes and chromatids
- irregulariteis in chromosome distribution
- formation of multiple spindles
20
Q
exam of a single cell type, as often found in fluid specimens
A
Cytology
21
Q
chromosome mutation resulting in a change in the whole genome
A
euploidy
22
Q
Types of Euploidy
A
- monoploidy
- polyploidy
23
Q
only one copy of genome due to early separation of chromatids
A
monoploidy (X)
24
Q
detection of monoploidy
A
- morphological
- cytological
- highly sterile
25
with more than two sets of genome
polyploidy
26
Detection in polyploidy
1. change in morphology
2. change in fertility
3. change in interspecific crossability
27
Types of polyploidy
1. Allopolyploidy
2. Autopolyploidy
28
having two or more complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species
- AABB
allopolyploidy
29
Ex. of allopolyploidy
1. _Raphanobrassica_
2. The case of wheat
30
occurs when organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes from the same species
Autopolyploidy
31
origins of autoploids
1. arise spontaneously
- nondisjunction in mitosis/meiosis
- restitution nucleus
2. unreduced gametes
3. can be induced
